Critical review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Critical review - Essay Example The article by Yeong and Ngee (2014) has tried to find out a clear distinction between the definitions of culture, organizational culture and the organizational climate. The article has explained that the culture is a set of belief and norms that are learnt and shared among a group of individuals in close proximity. The organizational culture on the other hand is the practices or trends followed by the employees and staffs of a particular organization. Just like culture varies across different countries and regions, the organizational culture also varies across different organizations or industries. In the light of organizational culture, it has been mentioned that the organizational practices are dynamic in nature and often changes under the influence of new comers. It has been mentioned that a new comer coming from a particular organization brings certain cultural traits, which gets infused with the culture of the current organization thereby making certain changes in it. In this c ontext Turker and Altuntas (2015) have mentioned in their article regarding the impact on the new comer of the organizational culture which he has been recently exposed to. Yeong and Ngee (2014) have highlighted on the influence of the new comer on the organizational practices, where he mentioned that the previous organizational culture of the individual is brought by him in the new organization. On the other hand, Turker and Altuntas (2015) have discussed about the impact of the new organizational culture on the perception of the new comers. Thus it can be stated that both the articles have discussed orgazanitions culture, but has portrayed different perspective of its relationship with the new comers. Moreover, in the article of Yeong and Ngee (2014) it has been clearly mentioned the difference between the definitions of culture and organizational culture and at the

Construction Essays Construction Industry Workers

Construction Essays Construction Industry Workers Construction Industry Workers The construction industry currently employs 2.2 million workers making it Britain’s largest industry (HSE, 2007). However, the sheer size of the industry comes at a cost as it is regarded as being one of the most dangerous industries to work in due to the individual complexity of construction projects and tough working conditions that workers are exposed to (HSE, 2005). The wide range of activities undertaken by construction workers further emphasises the need for a high level of legislation and management of measures to reduce accident and injuries throughout the entirety of the construction process, from planning to demolition. This is essential if the health and safety on construction sites is likely to improve and become more effective, which is important for not only the people already involved within the construction industry, but also for the expected 2-3% growth within the next 5 years (Reference). (Reference) suggests that poor design and management in the constructio n industry is the principal cause of the unacceptable accident and fatality record throughout construction sites in the UK. This needs to be improved through the improved implementation of measures to reduce these statistics which has been highlighted through the introduction of the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007, which are perceived to provide numerous benefits to the construction industry from design concept onwards and help ensure that construction projects are safe to build; safe to use; safe to maintain, and deliver good value. These regulations aim to avoid, reduce and control health and safety risks faced by construction workers and others through preventative measures particularly during the design and management stage, whether engaged in, or affected by, new build, maintenance, repairs, demolition or other construction works (Joyce, 2007). http://www.hse.gov.uk/aboutus/hsc/meetings/2006/171006/c54Ann6.pdf The CDM regulations have the potential to make a significant impact on the industry with regards to health and safety however it is unrealistic to think that this can be achieved very quickly without encountering any problems in an area which has had much debate regarding this topic. It will take time before the new legislation will be free flowing however improvements in both effectiveness and efficiency can be expected as lessons are learnt. Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers Rationale for the Research The subject of this dissertation developed from a personal interest in the Health and Safety aspect of the construction industry and the significant research within the industry on how to minimise the injuries and fatalities on construction sites. In the construction industry, the risk of fatality is four times more likely to occur than in any other industry throughout the UK, whilst the risk of major injury is two and a half times higher (HSC, 2005b). A Health and Safety Executive (HSE, 1997) study, reveals that the construction industry has one of the highest ratios of non-injury to injury accidents of all UK industries. For every major accident on a construction site, Heinrich’s accident to incident ratio model suggest that there will be approximately thirty minor accidents and three hundred near misses (Hughes Ferrett, 2007). The HSE (2007) recorded 77 fatalities on construction sites during 2006/2007 and 3,711 major injuries to employees in construction related accidents . Include the 7,108 over 3 day injuries reported to the HSE and an estimation of under-reporting of injuries of approximately 45%, and it is evident that the accident rates in the construction industry is unacceptable and needs to be reduced. The Government and the Health and Safety Commission became aware of this on going poor record in the construction industry and at the Construction Health and Safety Summit in 2001, set a target of reducing the number of fatalities and accidents by 66% in the UK by 2010. The fatality rate appeared to be reducing year after year, with a industry record low of 59 fatalities in 2005/2006 (HSC, 2006) compared to the 69 in 2004/2005 (HSC, 2005) showing sufficient progress was being made. However, the 77 fatalities recorded in 2006/2007, and already 60 fatalities recorded in the first 9 months of the 2007/2008 period (HSE, 2007) shows that progress was short lived and that once again the rate of fatalities and injuries within construction sites is inc onsistent and starting to rise. The latest published statistics by the HSE shows the increased need to improve the measures used in order to prevent accidents and fatalities on construction sites. The CDM regulations 2007 which is the latest legislation to be introduced to the construction industry aim to achieve this through implementing regulations to develop improvements at the design and management stage of construction projects by placing more responsibility on all parties involved. The HSE suggested in ‘Blackspot Construction’ that 70% of the fatalities and accidents on construction sites could have been prevented by positive action by managers within the industry (Joyce, 2001) and speaking from Ashburton Grove, Kevin Myers, Chief Inspector for Construction said: â€Å"Every fatality is one too many, most are preventable, each a tragedy for those affected†. As a result the fundamental aim of this study is to identify factors to improve health and safety mea sures on construction sites within the UK with a view to reducing the number of accidents and fatalities. The importance of improving these measures to reduce accident statistics is because, apart from the human cost of suffering, moral and legal effects an accident may have; the economic cost to organisations can be devastating. In a study undertaken by the HSE, it was shown that accidents produce direct costs such as injury, ill health or damage which can be insured against, however it is the indirect costs such as material damage and legal costs that are most costly to organisations as they can be up to 36 times greater than the direct cost of an accident (Hughes Ferrett). The following information in this chapter gives further details about the principle aim and objectives for this research topic. Aim To identify factors to improve health and safety measures on construction sites within the UK with a view to reducing the number of accidents and fatalities. Objectives This aim will be investigated through a series of key objectives: 1.To provide an understanding of the current health and safety legislation that surrounds the construction industry with a particular focus on the CDM regulations 2007. 2.To provide a review of the history of accidents and fatalities within the construction industry. 3.To identify the current measures used to prevent accidents and injuries on construction sites. 4.To establish the main effect of preventative measures and what factors would assist the preventative measures used on construction sites within the UK in order to reduce the number of accidents within the construction industry. 5.To identify operatives understanding of the CDM regulations as well as success and problems associated with them. 6.To establish views from CDM duty holders on the current effectiveness of the CDM regulations. Outline Research Methodology This research topic has incorporated two research approaches in order to collect information which was the following: secondary data collection and primary data collection. Secondary data collection This form of research refers to the ‘desk study’ approach where data is obtained from sources that cite from primary sources. This method had been used to achieve the first, second and third objectives. These sources will be critically appraised by means of a systematic literature review which will cover the internet, textbooks, newspaper articles, research journals, thesis, reports, trade publications, etc. Primary data collection This form of research refers to the methods of primary data collection which can take the form of a number of practical approaches. This method of research was accomplished to utilise objectives four and five. The selected method for this thesis will be a structured survey approach in the form of a questionnaire. This method was selected as it is the best form of gathering data from a large number of respondents in a relatively short time frame. The questionnaires will adopt a semi structured format, employing both open and closed questions to gather the appropriate data. The research method is a way in which the research objectives can be questioned and achieved. Throughout my research I will be using a number of core sources of references such as the books, the internet, newspapers, companies, journals and questionnaires in order to carry out my objectives. I will decide upon the most appropriate research strategy which can be carried out in two ways depending on the purpose of the study and the type and availability of the information required. These two methods can be classified as â€Å"Quantitative† and â€Å"Qualitative†. Quantitative research (Naoum, 2007) can be defined as â€Å"objective† in nature. It involves the description or analysis of statistical procedures that involves specific measurements of variables to determine whether a theory holds true. Qualitative research on the other hand can be defined as â€Å"subjective† in nature (Naoum, 2007). It does not involve the use of specific variables, but relies o n reasons behind various aspects of data. It emphasizes the means, experiences and different descriptions of topics from different authors points of view. The type of qualitative data collected fell under the classification of attitudinal research. Attitudinal research is used to ‘subjectively’ evaluate the ‘opinion’, ‘view’, or the ‘perception’ of a person, towards a particular object (Naoum, 2007). For this study the ‘object’ has been the CDM regulations and the ‘person’ has been the duty holders that implement these regulations. The purpose of this section is to inform the reader of the contents of this dissertation. Each chapter within the dissertation has a brief description stating what each chapter includes, the purpose of it, and its relationship to carry out the research aim and objectives, followed by a conclusion of the chapter. Chapter One Introduction Chapter one highlights to the reader the main topic area that is being investigated and researched into. It does not going into depth in the topic but it does provide a background and rationale into the research area. Within this chapter the research aim will be described as well as the objectives and the research methodology used in order to achieve the objectives set. Chapter Two History of Health and Safety legislation Chapter two will provide a detailed description of the health and safety legislation that has surrounded the construction industry since the first publication in 1961. A particular focus will be on the latest legislation known as the CDM regulations 2007 highlighting specific roles each professional has within the regulations in order to implement rules to provide a safer construction site. This chapter will also provide a background into the main changes that have occurred and assess the main reasons for why these changes were necessary. Chapter Three – Accidents and injuries within the construction industry This chapter intends to review the statistics provided by the HSE on fatalities and accidents within the EU member states, the industries within the UK and in particular and in particular the accidents and fatalities within the construction industry. It will analyse statistics prior to the introduction of the CDM regulations as well as after the introduction of these regulations highlighting any common problems that have occurred and potential reasons this. Chapter Four – Measures to prevent accidents on construction sites This chapter intends to review the main systems in place to reduce accidents on construction sites and comment on which are the most successful that should be developed further. This chapter will also discuss the cost implementations of implementing these measures along with the potential benefits of doing so. Chapter Five Research Methodology and Questionnaire / Interview Design This chapter highlights my proposed research methodology for obtaining the information necessary for my study. This chapter also describes how questions for my interview have developed as my research has become more detailed, as well as why such questions were chosen for the interview and what I intend to achieve from these. Chapter Six Analysis of Results Chapter Seven with provide the reader with a detailed analysis of the results from my questionnaire / interview. A wide range of data will be gathered so therefore a summary of the information which highlights specific areas will be presented in the form of charts, tables, graphs and a written conclusion of the results. Chapter Seven Conclusions and Recommendations This chapter was designed to provide the reader with a final discussion and conclusion for the research information that has been collected as well as to provide imitations of the study and recommendations for future research. The dissertation does not provide a chapter titled ‘literature review‘, however in order to achieve the objectives set, a comprehensive literature review will be ongoing throughout the study to critically appraise issues and statements identified and gain the industries, work operatives and authors opinions of the progress, effectiveness and success of the CDM regulations within the construction industry. A wide range of key literature from sources such as research journals, refereed conferences, thesis, textbooks, reports, trade publications and newspaper articles on this research topic have been reviewed, analysed and appraised of their strengths and weaknesses. Chapter Two:History of Health and Safety Legislation This chapter intends to provide a background into the history of the UK’s health and safety legislation that has governed the construction industry and progressed over time. A particular focus on the CDM regulations 2007 will be provided, highlighting key roles and responsibilities as well as the necessary components of the regulations. Factories Act 1961 The Factories Act 1961 was the starting point for parliamentary legislation on health and safety matters within the construction industry. Construction safety was first introduced into safety law in the Factories Act 1937, however further amendments and alterations were made in 1948 and 1959 before the final consolidating measure in 1961 to produce the final version known as the Factories Act 1961 (Holt, 2001). One of the main problems encountered with the Factories Act 1961 was that it only applied to premises defined within it, such as factories, and did not cover other workplaces such as schools or hospitals. This was the main reason for the introduction of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. The relevant contents of the Factories Act 1961 have since been applied to other legislation with the remaining sections left out that are of little relevance to the construction industry (Holt, 2001). Fire Precautions Act 1971 (Amended 1989) The introduction of the fire precautions act 1971 ensured that all properties regulated by the Act should require a fire certificate that should only be authorised by the fire authority. These certificates were only awarded if the inspection of the property met the safety requirements outlined in the act itself. The requirements introduced by the Fire Precautions Act 1971 paid particular attention to the people working on the premises; this involved making them aware of the means of escape as well as ensuring that people on the premises have sufficient warning to evacuate in the event of a fire. The act did not just ensure that there was sufficient facilities in place to combat a fire but also ensured that personnel employed within the building received sufficient instruction and training in what to do if a fire ever occurred. The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1971 (Amended 1974, 2002) The introduction of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1971 (HAS 1971) involved improvements to the Factories Act 1961. The Act’s obligations are based more on relationships between organizations and employees rather than on narrow definitions on types of premises as in the Factories Act 1961 (Holt, 2001). The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1971 is currently the centrepiece of legislation for all industries in Great Britain that provides the legal framework to achieve high standards in health and safety. The act was responsible for establishing the Health and Safety Commission (HSC) and the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) enabling them to propose health and safety regulations and approved codes of practice, they both however act in accordance with the secretary of state who must be informed of any proposed amendment or new regulations. The Health and Safety Commission The Health and Safety Commission and the Health and Safety Executive are responsible for the revision of the CDM Regulations. They were originally established as part of the Health and  Safety  at Work etc Act 1974 as two separate non-departmental public bodies (HSE, 2007). The HSC is appointed by the secretary of state whose main aim is to protect members of the UK against health and safety risks that may occur during working activities. In order to achieve this they must conduct and sponsor research; promote training; provide an information and advisory service; and submit proposals for new or revised regulations and approved codes of practices (HSC, 2007). http://www.hse.gov.uk/aboutus/hsc/index.htm The Health and Safety Executive The role of the Health and Safety Executive is to assist the Health and Safety Commission to ensure that risks to people’s health and safety from work activities are properly controlled (HSE, 2007). The HSE is the main enforcement and advisory body to the HSC however for activities that involve lower risks such as offices then local authorities have equal powers to enforce (Holt, 2001). http://www.hse.gov.uk/aboutus/hse/index.htm The Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981 The health and safety (First Aid) regulations 1981 contained certain regulations that apply to construction sites and their workers. The act places vast amounts of responsibility on employers who are required to carry out an assessment of first aid needs which involves consideration of workplace hazards and risks, the size of the organisation and other relevant factors, to determine what first aid equipment, facilities and personnel should be provided. The location of these provisions should be made aware to all employees by the employer under regulation 4. Regulation 3 states that employers are responsible to ensure that adequate and appropriate equipment and facilities are available for enabling first aid to be rendered to an employee in the event of being injured or taken ill whilst at work (HMSO, 1981). It was also the responsibility of the employer, under regulation 3, to ensure that a competent person is available at all times to carry out first aid procedures in the event of a n injury or illness occurring on the construction site. http://www.hse.gov.uk/firstaid/legislation.htm#duties Construction (Head Protection) Regulations 1989 (Amended 2002) The Construction (Head Protection) Regulations 1989 came into force as of the 30th March 1990 in an attempt to prevent head injuries whilst working on construction sites. These regulations apply to all members of the workforce with the responsibility of the employer to provide each employee who is at work with suitable head protection, maintain it, and replace it wherever necessary as outlined in regulation 3. Under regulation 4 the employer, self employed or anyone who has authority over another person must ensure that suitable head protection is worn whenever reasonably practicable. In the event of self employed workers entering the site, they must wear and comply with all rules set by the site they are working on in order to comply with regulation 4. In order to comply with regulation 5, all rules established with the wearing of suitable head protection must be provided in writing and brought to the attention of any worker that may be affected by them. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1989/Uksi_19892209_en_1.htm The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 first came into force on the 1st April 1990 in order to target the number of health and safety risks exposed to work operatives on construction sites involving working with electricity (HMSO, 1989). These regulations place responsibilities on both the employer and self-employed to comply with the provisions of these Regulations and the duty of the employees to co-operate with the rules set by the employer. Regulation 4 sets out standards to be achieved involving systems, work activities and protective equipment. This involves ensuring that all systems when carrying out operations should be adequate, used and maintained in an efficient manner in order to prevent, so far as is reasonably practicable, any risks of danger. Regulations 4 of this legislation also indicates that any equipment provided in order to protect work operatives carrying out tasks on or near electrical equipment must be appropriate, maintained in a satisfactory condition and used in the correct manner. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1989/Uksi_19890635_en_1.htm The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992 (Amended 1999, 2006) The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992 came into effect as of the 1st January 1993 which placed responsibility upon all employers and self-employed to carry out suitable and sufficient risks assessments with regard to health and safety issues on construction sites. This is to ensure that regulation 3 is achieved through informing employees of the potential issues that may affect, or potentially affect the health and safety of another person on site. The other most significant responsibility placed on the employer under regulation 11 is to ensure that they fulfil capability and training requirements set out in this legislation. This involves the employer making sure all employees are provided with adequate health and safety training upon recruitment or upon being exposed to new or increased risks such as the introduction of new work equipment. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1992/Uksi_19922051_en_2.htm#mdiv1 The Manual Handling and Operations Regulations 1992 (Amended 2002) The Manual Handling and Operations Regulations 1992 were first enforced on the 1st January 1993 which introduced the requirement for employers to avoid the need for their employees to undertake any manual handling operations at work which involves a risk of being injured, this is outlined in regulation 4. If manual handling and operations are undertaken then it is the responsibility of the employer to keep these occurrences to levels as low as possible as well as to provide employees with general indications where it is reasonably practicable to do so such as the weight of each load. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1992/Uksi_19922793_en_1.htm The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 (Amended 2002) The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 came into effect on the 1st January 1993 to try to ensure that Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is provided and worn at all times if work operatives are presented with a situation that provide risks to their personal health and safety. Regulation 4 of the act states that it is the responsibility of the employer to ensure that PPE is provided to all employees whilst at work if they are likely to be exposed to health and safety risks, any self employed work operative must provide their own PPE once entering the construction site. Regulation 4 also emphasise that the PPE provided should be appropriate for the risks involved and should fit correctly or at least have a mechanism for adjustments that enable it to be worn correctly. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1992/Uksi_19922966_en_2.htm#mdiv1 The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 (Revised 2002, Amended 2003) The WHSW regulations 1992 came into force on the 1st January 1993. These regulations do not apply specifically to construction sites which means they have had no effect in reducing the number of accidents and fatalities throughout the construction industry. The construction industry had two specific sets of regulations that were industry-specific before the introduction of the CDM regulations 2007 as these regulations incorporated both of them. These were known as the Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996 and the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994 which are described in more detail below: Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994 (Amended 2007) The CDM regulations 1994 first came into force on the 31st March 1995 with a view to further reducing the number of accidents occurring within the construction industry (Joyce, 2001). The main aims of the regulations were to reduce the regular occurrence of accidents and ill health arising from construction work (Percy, 2002). The main influence these regulation had on the construction industry was that it shared responsibility of health and safety issues during construction work between all parties and not purely the responsibility of the contractor (Joyce 2001). These regulations were in place for 12 years but have recently been amended and are now known as the CDM regulations 2007. The reasons for the amendments were due a number of problems encountered with the CDM regulations 1994 such as the ongoing debate about there effectiveness, high level of unnecessary bureaucracy, lack of clarity and regulations that were subject to misinterpretation throughout their enforcement (Joyce, 2001). The CDM regulations 2007 intend to take on board the research into these problems and readdress the main criticisms in order to improve the effectiveness within the industry. The CDM regulations 2007 are discussed further in section 6.0. Reports of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR) 1995 The Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005 The Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005 came into force as of the 6th April 2006. These regulations have an effect with a view to protecting workers against the potential risks to their personal HS arising from exposure to noise at work (HMSO, 2005). It is the responsibility of the employer under regulation 5 to provide a risk assessment to assess the potential risks of exposure to noise an employee may face when carrying out work on site, if exposure is likely to occur then where possible it should be eliminated at the source or reduced to nose levels as low as possible in order to comply with these regulations. In order to support regulation 5, regulation 7 sets out to ensure that the employer must provide personal hearing protection to any employee who is exposed to high noise levels in order to protect their health and safety, this must be supported with the use of appropriate safety signs in order to inform work operatives of an area that is subject to high noise levels. R egulations 9 and 10 respectively are provided to ensure that if employees are exposed to high levels of noise then the employer must ensure that they are placed under suitable health surveillance as well as provide them with suitable and sufficient information, instruction and training in order to carry out their tasks efficiently (HMSO, 2005). Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996 The CHSWR 1996 were enforced as of the 2nd September 1996 which replaced the Construction (General Provisions) Regulations 1961, the Construction (Health and Welfare) Regulations 1966 and the Construction (Working Places) Regulations 1966, which were all revoked (Holt, 2001). These regulations were introduced as the construction equivalent of the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 as they do not apply to constructions sites (Holt, 2001). The CHSW Regulations 1996 were created by the HSC which represented the UK’s implementation of Annexe IV of the Temporary and Mobile Construction Sites Directive (Clarke, 1999). Before the introduction of the CDM regulations 2007, the CHSW regulations 1996 applied to all construction work and along with the CDM regulations 1994, they provided a life cycle of health and safety standards throughout the entirety of construction projects. This was achieved as both these sets of regulations applied to different aspects of const ruction work which meant there was no overlapping of each legislation between the two sets of regulations. The CHSW 1996 applied to workers carrying out construction site work where as the CDM regulations 1994 applied to those in the design and management process. Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996 The Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996 were first enforced on the 1st April 1996, they were introduced as a set of regulations to notify the construction industry of the minimum requirements for the provision of safety signs at work. This act complies with the MHSW regulations 1992 as an employer must provide appropriate safety signs if they feel that the risk assessment made as a requirement of the MHSW 1992 regulations cannot adequately reduce risks to employees after adopting appropriate techniques for collective protection, and measures, methods or procedures used in the organisation of work. These signs are used to warn or instruct employees of the nature of potential risks they may face and inform the employees of the appropriate measures to be taken to protect against them. This act also introduces a standardised system of safety signs; this enables workers to be able to travel from different construction sites and not face the problem of different m eanings for different signs. In order to comply with regulation 5; employers must ensure that each of their employees receives suitable and sufficient instruction and training in the meaning of safety signs and the measures to be taken in connection with safety signs. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1996/Uksi_19960341_en_1.htm Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations 2002 The COSHH regulations 2002 were introduced to the construction industry on the 21st November 2002, this legislation placed responsibility upon employers to ensure that exposure to substances hazardous to health is either prevented or, if not reasonably practicable, adequately controlled (HMSO, 2002). The employer should prevent from carrying out work that may potentially expose an employee to substances hazardous to health unless they have carried out appropriate risk assessments and carried out the suitable processes in order to comply with these regulations, and safeguard workers on site. Regulations 12 of the regulations states that an employer should provide employees with suitable and sufficient information, instruction and traini

Cerebral Palsy Essay -- Disease, Disorders

Cerebral Palsy Cerebral Palsy (CP) is brain damage. It cannot be cured, it is not contagious, it is not a disease, and it does not get worse. According to Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia, "Cerebral Palsy is a broad term for various nonprogressive disorders of motor function in people, resulting from brain damage around the time of birth. Damage to the brain could occur before, during, or shortly after birth"(â€Å"Cerebral†). Since the damage is done during the brain’s formation, and occurs in the part of the brain that controls motor and muscle functions, people with CP might have problems with motor skills, muscle tone, muscle weakness, reflexes, balance, excessive drooling, difficulties swallowing or speaking, shaking, tremors, and difficulty with fine motor skills (â€Å"Cerebral Palsy: Hope†). Although it may not be diagnosed until a child is a few years old, most children with CP are born with it, and even though it does not get worse the symptoms caused by the bra in damage can change and people with CP may have problems with vision, speech, hearing, or language, but with early intervention, support and treatment, many people with CP can manage their condition and lead full, productive lives. Dr. William Little wrote the first medical description of the disorder in the 1860’s. He thought most cases of CP were caused by complications at birth resulting in lack of oxygen to the brain. Cerebral Palsy was called Little's disease for many years. CP refers to neurological disorders that appear in early childhood and affect movement and coordination (â€Å"Cerebral Palsy: Hope†). Although CP is caused by damage to the motor areas of the brain and affects body movement and muscle coordination, it is not caused by problems in the muscles o... ... Work Cited â€Å"Cerebral Palsy.† (n.d.): Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia. Web. 15 Feb. 2012. Polzin, Scott; Odle, Teresa. â€Å"Cerebral Palsy.† Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, 3rd ed. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. 15 Feb. 2012 â€Å"Cerebral Palsy: Hope Through Research.† National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Web. 14 Feb. 2012. Morgan, A M, and J C Aldag. "Early Identification Of Cerebral Palsy Using A Profile Of Abnormal Motor Patterns." Pediatrics 98.4 Pt 1 (1996): 692-697. MEDLINE. Web. 19 Feb. 2012. â€Å"UCP: Press Room - Vocabulary Tips.† UCP: Home Page. Web. 16 Feb. 2012. .

Education in Egypt Essay

Education is an important factor to a new and improved Egypt. But unfortunately the education we have here in Egypt leads to high literacy rate. This was proven through out the research. Also that high literacy rate is due to the deterioration of the educational system and governmental schools. The research was based on a questionnaire made and distributed among students and parents randomly. The questionnaire was divided in to 5 questions. First knowing their career either students or parents, second was either preferring public or private schools, for third question the number of students in the class now and what do they prefer the most, forth was ways for improving, and last question is either the literacy rate is effected from the way of education we have and why. The Research had 62 samples, they were all either students or parents, they were random samples, and all students where school students. The results obtained from the questionnaire showed 61% were students and 37% were parents. As for the second question there was a huge gap, there was 95% who choose private and only 5% choose public and reasons were defined. For the third question there was completely different results, concerning question (3 a) there was 27.42% answered 15 to 20 students, 38.71% claimed being in classes of 25 to 30 students, 29% answered 35 to 40 students and only 4.84% answered 40+. However question (3 b) had most of the samples answering similarly, having only 2 answers 71.3% wanted 15 to 20 students in class and 28.7% accepted 25 to 30 students as for the rest 0%. For the forth question the participants had different opinions in answering it as it is an open-ended question. Last question had 77.4% answered yes, 14.5% for No and 8.1% had neutral as their answer, for the rest of the question was also open-ended. Concerning question two why they choose either public or private, for people who choose private schools was because they have better education, teachers are well qualified, more taking care of students, the schools are neater hygienic wise, having the same social standard colleagues, the private schools having better working environments, also for not just concerning on academic levels but also behaviors and manners. However for the few others who answered public was because it is cheaper, near the house and because the parent work there so it is easier. Going back to the literature review, yes searches did get out that most people or parents send their children private schools as for all the reason stated by the participants. Regarding the forth question there was so many suggestions, some of them are that changing the curriculum, teachers having higher salaries so they have motivation on working better, changing the way of teaching, making public and private schools going on the same curriculum, reduce the number of students in classes so that students and teachers could concentrate, non academic courses so that students loves the school and know its important, having a better working environment for students in classes, adding some critical thinking so students do not get out of school having the technique of memorizing only, improving the hygienic state of the classrooms and WC. Referring to what (Moussa) said in the literature review was same as some of the participants’ results about having overcrowded classes and the concentration in class. Also as the educational institute claimed about paying more attention to the curriculum and to continuously work on improving it was also one of the participants answers which shows that there is similarities between what the searches said and the questionnaires answers. Although based on (Helmy) â€Å"the country’s curriculum and assessment systems emphasize the memorization of facts, which works against innovative thinking and knowledge creation† is common to one of the answers about the critical thinking and not memorizing Finally question five people who answered with a yes was because they think government should provide in public school the same curriculum and importance of the subjects so students would want to go, also they do not give a concentration for those people who are in areas which there are no schools so they do not even care for learning, so these are some of the reasons that leads to high literacy rate however who had a no answer was because they think that it is because people does not want to learn not because we have a bad education but because they think working will get them money faster than studying first then working, and neutral did though education some times is a main problem for literacy because it is not as good as it should be but sometimes it is not the barrier because if a person wants to learn they will find their way to learn. In conclusion hypothesis was supported, as for most of the participants had the same answers as where out in the literature review as showing education is responsible in increasing or decreasing high literacy rate, also the quality of education in Egypt should be changed as for it is found out by margin that most of the people think the same about education in Egypt. Education is a very important aspect in everyone’s lives. It’s the education that makes us knowledgeable, respectable, civilized people so we have to take a very good care of it.

Wear and Appearance of the Army Uniform

In the army there are many uniforms a soldier has to wear. This is for the different activities a soldier does. For everything from their daily Physical Training (PT), their regular working uniform Army Combat Uniform (ACU), or their dress uniform either the Army Service Uniform (ASU), or the Army Green Service Uniform (Class A). Each uniform is design to fit a specific task and to be worn a in certain way. A great resource for either the ASU or the Class A is the â€Å"U. S. ARMY UNIFORM GUIDE. I found this little book a great resource because it shows every form of the ASU for both males and females soldiers, for officers and enlisted. I found this to be great because it shows where everything goes, and how to measure everything, and for a new soldier like me it is important to have the little things right. Over time the uniform of a soldier has change. Since the days of the Revolutionary War to today modern wars in Afghanistan and Iraq the uniform has change but the guide lines h as not. As the uniform evolved, so has the regulation that covers it has also.The regulation that covers this is Army Regulation 670-1, the covers everything from how to cut and maintain your hair to how to wear jewelry, eyeglasses and sunglasses. This regulation is something every soldier should read, even the ones who have been in for over ten years. Because from what I have learned is that this regulation is constantly changing. How to wear the army uniform is important because when we put on the uniform we don’t just represent ourselves but the army as a whole as well. One thing I have learned in my short 20 years of life is how important the clothes you wear impact you as person.Because they can be tell tell sings of what type of person you are. As in the book â€Å"APPERANCES† witch talks about how the clothes you wear can say a lot of what type of person you are, or how do you live your lifestyle. When I was a little boy I would always watch how a few of my neig hbors, which were in the National Guard, would be dress and how I notice that each of their uniforms would be. All of them looking good, with their boots clean and polish, uniforms clean, looking how a soldier should be.When I was is the Navy Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps (NJROTC) I learned how to wear the uniform, even more when I came into the army. In basic training I learned how correct looks like. My drill sergeants would always be looking professional at all times and I would always say this to myself (there nothing ever wrong with any of their uniform). But they would always say â€Å"if you see something wrong with any of our uniforms tell us, and the same goes for your battle buddy. † That’s when I really learned to start to look for the little things most people would not notice.That when I started to pay more attention to my own uniform. I would always taking one last quick peck before formation, always trying to look for the things that other peopl e would not see but would notice. As a military police soldier I think we should be held to a higher standard. In everything from the physical training we do, to how our uniform should be. All of our pockets should be lie down flat. All of our buttons and zippers should be button and zipped. Our boots should always be clean, rid of any and all dirt and mud. The uniform as a whole should be cleaned at all times.Because we are the first ones who people see on the gates. Because first impressions are everything, I would never see my dad going to work looking like garbage, he would always look professional. This applies to us even more because when we are patrolling we are the ones who people see giving tickets. We are the ones who respond to when people have any type of an emergency, we are the ones who will show up at the scene of an accident. The general population expect more of us because we are not only police officers we are military polices soldiers.Which many people would assum e since we are in the military we should have more discipline. When you see that soldier who uniform is all messed up, you would assume either him or one of his leaders don't have the discipline to maintain the uniform. That’s something we as military police soldiers can't be. Whenever you pull over that first sergeant, or that captain that are not only going to look at your rank but your uniform as well, because they are most likely going to think â€Å"his uniform look like shit, how do I know if he is doing his job correctly when he can't even maintain his uniform looking as it should. That where I believe our leaders come into play, they are not only there to help us, but also to fix us when we are wrong. So when I keep blowing off the fact my uniform did look like shit, I should have gone to one of them to see if they could help me fix the mistake. It’s important to wear to army uniform correctly because the habits you do while you are home in a safe environment will continue when you deploy. Whenever you go on a mission you should always double and triple check yourself to make sure you have the right equipment.To make sure you are not missing the little things like you camel bag, or even the big things like you weapon. That’s why it’s important to always check yourself in the mirror before you leave. Not only to check you have the right things but also to make sure everything is in the right place, looking how it should. The same goes for whenever you go out, you always want to be looking good at all times, where ever you go. That’s the same type of thinking you need to have every time you put on the army uniform.Because for me every time I put that uniform on I fell a since of pride, knowing I am a soldier, knowing I am one of the few people of this nation that is willing to and able to. As soldiers we are required to do certain things, some of these include doing physical training daily, keeping our leaders notified , keeping our uniforms squared away at all times. Because you will never know when your first sergeant or sergeant major decides to do a surprise inspection on you, we have to be ready at all time.One bad soldier can have a huge negative impact on the rest of the team, because that one bad soldier can influence the good soldiers around him, to make him do the bad and wrong things. Every time when we wear the uniform we are not only representing ourselves but the army, our country, and the ideas of a free country. Therefore the uniform should always be neat; there should never be any excess for why our uniforms are ever out of order. The army is a team, on that team ever one wears the same uniform. If you teammate on basketball, football, soccer, or volleyball you would go over a correct them.The same has to apply to the army. When we are in that uniform people are going to be looking at us not just because we are in the military but sometimes because the people who are looking at us are old retires who want to see the next generation of soldiers keeping the same traditions alive. Or they could be a person in a different branch of the military looking to see how the other branches wear their uniforms. When we wear the army uniform in public we should not bring bad attention to ourselves. One the type of attention that would make that little boy says â€Å"I want to be like them some day. That how first got interested in military. The proper wear of the army uniform is important for many reasons. One of these reasons is to have a strong discipline soldier at all times. Because when you wear the army uniform correctly it does show you have discipline. But it also reflects how your leaders are, either the ones who really don’t care about their soldiers or the type of leader who takes the time to get to know his soldiers. Another reason why it’s important to wear the army uniform correctly is because it instill a since of pride that only those who ha ve earned the right to called themselves United States Soldiers.

Disaster Prediction Problems Essays

Disaster Prediction Problems Essays Disaster Prediction Problems Essay Disaster Prediction Problems Essay , a. K. A. Mr.. Be was very fond of testing. He loves to foamed text jokes and news to his friends and relatives. Since Mr.. Chug is a fireman himself, he decided to might as well text to his friends where the fire is. Until later, a friend called him and asked him not to send these messages as they were just disturbing him. Mr.. Chug being a busy man forgot to erase his name on the roof text Until one day his friend approached him, and said thank you. Thank you because if not for the text of Mr.. Chug, he would not know that there was a fire at back of his house. His friend at that time was in the market and his kids were still at home sleeping. So then did Mr.. Chug decide to make this bigger, better, and faster! Today our TEXTURE SMS System Dispatcher has more than 1 70,000 members nationwide. Mr.. Chug as he always say NAG AMALGAM IMAGINATION TOYOTA AS TAO to also add is his famous quote DO GOOD DEEDS Communicating for effective fire response is the best way to respond faster. Normally security system offered in market is fully wired system. In practical, it IS not convenient for a home to apply this wired security system as more than one sensor will be used. In consideration, the wire system is more reliable than wireless system as it is easy to troubleshoot and better performance in speed. As current need in activating the system, higher power consumption cannot be avoid if system used is fully function using direct electric supply. In result the cost of system application is higher in cost. Application of security system for home do not mean anything if the user not alert when sensors triggered. Basic security system implementation only allowing the user alerted if they are still inside the house. As they are away from home, the security system installed becomes less helpful as no person will be alerted. Alerting system via SMS is proposed in this project for user notification in real time as the intrusion occurs. Emergency SMS app for Barings (Bills Canyon) AN SMS or text messaging application designed to help barraging officials and their communities during emergencies won the top prize at a recent Hackett organized by the Smart Developer Network (Smartened), the pullover community program of Smart Communications, Inc. , (Smart) and mobile content startup Whipcord Labs. Bills Canyon, developed by IT professionals Allan Danes and Erwin Quaint of Team 98, was judged the best among the 10 SMS APS created on the spot during the SMS. API (feed) Hackett. Each team worked on an app using the Whipcord SMS API, a new and free platform that allows developers and even Nan-techies to quickly and easily launch SMS-based APS. Whipcord Labs developed the API with the technical guidance of Smartened. API, which stands for application arrogating interface, is a set of tools and protocols for creating software APS. Whipcord SMS API simplifies app development by virtually removing most of the hard coding part of the process. Users can skip the codes which take weeks or even months to program. The platform also allows developers to readily launch SMS services to the more than 70 million subscribers of Smart, Talk N Text, and Sun Cellular. Whipcord SMS API does the heavy lifting. It would have taken us one week to finish Bills Canyon instead of just five hours if not for this API, Quaint said. As a platform for incident-reporting Bills Canyon is designed as a quick-response tool for barraging leaders and their community. Ordinary citizens can use this app to alert or request help from barraging officials during emergencies or calamities. Whipcord SMS API allows you to create SMS-based APS quickly and deploy them immediately. The Whipcord SMS API platform is part of a bigger initiative Smarts Partner API Program which encourages traditional mobile content providers to expand into the API space and provide their capabilities to third-party developers. Expect more API services and educational events resulting from this program, said Jim Season. As testing manually can make us hustle and for long time message typing, the only way to make things more faster is to came up with automatic text messaging which is less hustle and be more faster to consume less time and response to that scene in a right time. Local Journalists in the Philippines use SMS to Get Information to Their Communities Local journalists in the Philippines are posting news and information on environmental issues and communicating with disaster- affected communities using an innovative new SMS-based reporting platform called Environs. The platform was launched by the Philippine Network of Environmental Journalists with support from Internees Earth Journalism Network (JEAN). Environs allows local journalists to text tips and reports into the system. Verified information is then reviewed and posted by a pool of editors to environs. H, and finally pushed out to social media platforms that include Twitter and Backbone. The Philippines, a low lying small country of more than 96 million people, is at the doorstep of climate change, enduring typhoons, severe drought, floods, and coastal erosion on a regular basis. Using SMS reporting, journalists can reach audiences ranging from isolated alleges to government agencies more quickly during and after a typhoon or other disaster, to share information such as flood warnings or to locate areas where rescue teams are most needed. Ding Balboa of Vulcan Journalist said, When disaster strikes, we want to get and deliver information as fast as we can. We want to give vital information and alerts on weather condition or flooded areas to local communities. It is a powerful reporting system especially in a disaster-prone country like the Philippines. With the launch of the SMS-based collaborative journalism platform local journalists are now able to communicate and produce stories, even in the most remote regions, using SMS. The system also empowers local citizens who are eager to have an outlet to report and find solutions to the pressing environmental problems affecting their country. The project relies on Frostiness, a free and open- source tool that enables journalists to rapidly share information through a mobile device and a computer. This is a very good example of harnessing technology, especially in reporting disasters and typhoons and other environmental issues in our communities, said Dave City-based journalist Henrietta Tacit. Our reporting is fast, immediate and readers can track down latest information. Foreign Literature Real-time Notification and Situational Awareness in Fire Emergency Fire emergency systems are responsive in their nature; dispatching and rescuing operations are performed as response actions upon the occurrence of fire. Delaying the response would cause an increase in the loss of lives and property, where few seconds can separate between fire containment and flasher. Kasbah (2009) discussed about the data received in case a fire emergency occurred. The nature of data that assists fire response operations can be classified onto two categories: static and dynamic data. Geographical information such as locations of historical incidents, statistics, risk areas, street networks, points of interest and other features are included in the static data class as they are rarely changeable over time. Current GIS systems and applications are capable of handling this class of information efficiently. On the other hand, dynamic data encompasses sudden occurrences of events or rapidly changing information. Locations of emergency vehicles, meteorological sensor observations, 91 1 emergency calls, and airborne visible and infrared mages of current 5 active fires are some examples of dynamic data. Disaster Management Cycle Disaster management aims to reduce, or avoid, the potential losses from hazards, assure prompt and appropriate assistance to victims of disaster, and achieve rapid and effective recovery. The Disaster management cycle illustrates the ongoing process by which governments, businesses, and civil society plan for and reduce the impact of disasters, react during and immediately following a disaster, and take steps to recover after a disaster has occurred. Appropriate actions at all points in the cycle lead to greater rapidness, better warnings, reduced vulnerability or the prevention of disasters during the next iteration of the cycle. The complete disaster management cycle includes the shaping of public policies and plans that either modify the causes of disasters or mitigate their effects on people, property, and infrastructure. Disaster is a sudden adverse or unfortunate extreme event which causes great damage to human beings as well as plants and animals. With that said disaster response must be effective and efficient. Himalayan stated that Absence of a central authority for integrated disaster management and lack f coordination within and between disaster related organizations is responsible for effective and efficient disaster management. Disaster Risk Management includes sum total of all activities, programmers and measures which can be taken up before, during and after a disaster with the purpose to avoid a disaster, reduce its impact or recover from its losses. The three key stages of activities that are taken up within disaster risk management are as follows. Pre-disaster activities those which are taken to reduce human and property losses caused by a potential hazard. For example, carrying out wariness campaigns and strengthening the existing weak structures. The preparation of the disaster management plans at household and community level, etc. Such risk reduction measures taken under this stage are termed as mitigation and preparedness activities. These include initiatives taken to ensure that the needs and provisions of victims are met and suffering is minimized. Activities taken under this stage are called emergency response activities. There are initiatives taken in response to a disaster with a purpose to achieve early recovery and rehabilitation of affected communities, immediately after a disaster strikes. These are called as response and recovery activities. Disaster Response: Preparation and Coordination Disasters are the ultimate test of emergency response capability. The ability to effectively deal with disasters is becoming more relevant because Of factors that tend to increase risk. Unfortunately, there are recurring difficulties with disaster response. Lessons learned in previous disasters are not always being applied in other communities. Sometimes this is because accurate information regarding the basic underlying causes of the difficulties is not readily available to emergency and disaster responders. As deer Hide stated accurate information is needed to effectively deal with disasters, we can consider Communication as one major difficulty with disaster response. To lessen the risk with disasters that is happening and will happen in the future, we need to secure more ways to increase the way to communicate with the fire department bureau, aside from calls we can also inform them through short message service. Utilization of GAPS in Orienteering Mapping of Urban City and Rural Area The increasing complexity of our world, the pressure on natural resources, the degradation of the environment and the security of citizens require accurate APS to display a wide variety of information. To meet these challenges, timely produced maps made using high-quality and reliable information are of importance to governments, companies and citizens. Orienteering maps are good examples of standardized maps, which meet these qualifications and will therefore be used as the focus of this study. According to Marten Bistros the Mapping of their Urban City and Rural Area can help them to track the available route for them to pass by. Integrated fire alarm system that can deliver alerts via SMS The ability to effectively deal with fire is becoming more relevant because of actors that tend to increase risk. The best way to decrease the task that can do before the fire fighters respond we need to decrease the reporters task first. The automatic sending of SMS for emergency situation is most reliable to fire stations to respond to the fire scene faster. Specifically, common fire alert systems are usually based on temperature sensors, smoke sensors and fire detectors, which can only detect fires occurring near where they are installed with a low rate of accuracy, the students said. Firefighting teams usually only receive fire alerts through phone calls from people at the scene ND it will take time for firefighters to verify the fire, which slowdowns the extinguishing process, the students said. Developing of this proposed fire alarm system of group of Ho Chi Mini City students can do more reliable in real time emergency situations. Eliminating of unnecessary task is a huge help for time management, determining the needs and most important thing and eliminating of less helpful is also help to prioritize the things to do by Step by Step procedure. Mobile Education Service Based on SMS and their Architecture According to Parmesan wireless mobile application can be differentiated by woo underlying technology platforms: wireless web-based technology such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), and Text-Based Technology or Short Messaging Services (SMS). SMS is a basic and common feature given by cellular operators to users. To use WAP feature, user have to activate GAPS facility and they have to use mobile phone which has WAP capability. Recently, the growing influence of SMS has attracted significant attention. A: a convenient and low-cost mobile communication technology, SMS is experiencing very rapid growth. In the past year, approximately million mobile users worldwide sent an average of 20 billion Sums every month. Indeed the volume of SMS messages sent is rapidly increasing. In Europe, Norway leads the region with an average of 47 message sent per month per user while Philippines lead the Asia Pacific region with 336 SMS messages. The worldwide increasing growth of SMS messaging services has spurred the developments of SMS commerce application, which mainly cover consumer- orientated business such as alerting, ticket booking and retailing. Given that the huge SMS messaging customer base could potentially serve as major component of the Commerces customer base, many commerce providers are becoming more interested in SMS commerce application. According to Graphing Programs the university as an educational organization has a lot if valuable information which can be provided to the students, such as grade release, Enrollment information, University announcement, and internship opportunity. If the university can provide them in the SMS service, the students can get the information easier and faster. This system can help also to send message for alert and inform the students. Related Studies Local Studies GSM-SMS for Emergencies Emergencies happen when you least expect it, Espanola stated that: GSM- SMS is a very ideal communication/messaging medium of the new generation specially when the information to be communicated is short or when full conversation is not possible. SMS is a more convenient alternative to email or data communication between distributed and mobile groups of people, since the messages are delivered to mobile equipment that are kept in the subscribers pocket and can be stored as reference later on. The usefulness of using GSM-SMS as a medium of communication is elevated as both senders and receivers of the messages find it very easy to compose, send, read and retort to short messages. Thus a simple person-to- person messaging generates a high volume of SMS. Using of SMS via phone ay faster than manual in terms of : Composing message Sending message Giving Information through mobile SMS Disaster Preparedness in the Philippines Due to catastrophes that have happened in different parts of the world recently having disaster preparedness in schools all the more becomes crucial and relevant. In a 2009 study assessing disaster preparedness of 37 public schools in Luzon it was found out that: 95 % reported to have disaster committees 35% had disaster preparedness plans ; 95% conducted drills once a year (fire and earthquake drills most time. -95% were aware of disaster management programs f the Depend and the United Nations Childrens Fund (EUNICE) conducted trainings on disaster risk education in schools. The seminar included: Understanding Disasters and Disaster Risk Management Emergency Preparedness and Response School Base Emergency Planning Although much effort is put in to the area of disaster preparedness, the country still has a lot more to improve on. Continuous effort must be done to fully equip our schools to face disasters. Several Fire Incidents happen in different parts of the world, and the main factors needed of an efficient fire response is speed. With the formation of Text Fire Philippines the time needed in gathering information and verifying the message is reduced thus a faster fire response is made. Message received from the reporter includes: ; Location ; Time ; Status of Fire SMS Dispatch Server has 60 modems and can send up to 600 messages per minute. When the system receives a report, it will be verified by an operator. If verified, the information will be dispatched instantly to all fire stations and firefighters. Also Text Fire Philippines Affiliates: Backlog Canyon De ROR Zebu Catboat Dugan Dave Lillo Legals Nag Sorenson Tobacco, Bucolic Tactical Tarmac SMS Phone, Web, Mobile Communication System SMS is the most widely used data application in the world, with 3. Billion active users, or 78% of all mobile phone subscribers. The term SMS is used as an acronym for all types of short text messaging and the user activity itself in many parts of the world. SMS has used on modern handsets originated from radio telegraphy in radio memo pagers using standardized phone protocols. These were defined as part of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) series of standards as a means of the following: sending messages of up to 1 60 characters And from GSM mobile handsets Though most SMS messages are mobile-to-mobile text messages, support for the service has expanded to include such other mobile technologies as ANSI CDMA networks and Digital AMPS, as well as satellite and landlines networks. Short Message Service (SMS) is a text messaging service component of: Phone Web Mobile communication systems, using standardized communications protocols that allow the exchange of short text messages between fixed line or mobile phone devices. Computer Aided Routing and Real-Time tracking via GAPS for Manila Fire Trucks The response time of the fire fighters is very important. The faster they arrive on an emergency would determine the rate of success on doing their job. Based on the study of Tuba, Dab, Guardia and Relic each time passes, fire grow larger, so addressing this problem would lessen or minimize the destruction of property and avoid possible deaths. Factors involving the delay of fire fighters in response to emergency situations could be lessened or even eliminated through the aid of a computer. Their thesis mainly involved in addressing this type of problem by applying the aid Of computer program. The study aims to provide aid by automating the locations of streets and addressing route problems. The programs involves feature like auto routing navigational system with communication at the base station, GAPS tracking, and a digital map that displays streets names, landmarks, and fire hydrants; which are included in the GUI of the system. The GAPS model used was a Garment Rhino 120 series that has a two way radio function. Geographical information system (GIS) was applied be implementing a redeemed digital map by Conformations which provided their thesis with a sample called Campus which displays the needed information on the digital map. Software with the GIS functionality and compatibility used by the roof was the Manifold System Software which is computer aided design based map editing software.

Free Essays on Socrates,Plato,Aristotle

As Plato once said â€Å"philosophy begins in wonder†. Plato was part of a triad of great thinkers who had in common a student - teacher relationship built on questioning and discussion rather than memorization and recollection of facts. Although they agreed and disagreed on many topics, it was their style of questioning and the resulting intense debates which brought them renown. Despite the passing of twenty-five hundred years their topics remain relevant to the modern world. The first of these great minds, Socrates, was born in Athens around 470 b.c. to a sculptor and midwife. As a young man he studied popular philosophers of the time, but felt that their ideas were not pertinent to the people. The ‘pre-socratics’ toiled over questions like the the distance of the earth from the sun. Even if the answer were known, it would have no bearing on the lives of anybody. Socrates focus was on morality and politics, which affected everyone's life. It was the questions that Socrates raised that led to his notoriety and fame. Simple questions people thought they knew the answer to went through the Socratic thinking process and revealed to many that not only did they not know the answer, but neither did he. It was the fact that Socrates questioned everything that got him in trouble. Socrates revealed how little people in power knew, as well as everyone else. He also taught people to be true to themselves above all other things, which is a key point in his enemies accusations that he corrupted youth and had no reverence for the Gods. â€Å"If you take my advice you will think little of Socrates, and a great deal more about truth.† Plato, a student of Socrates, was born to a wealthy aristocratic family and became Socrates’ student at age twenty. Not only was he important as a philosopher himself, but also because he recorded Socrates’ work. (Socrates wrote nothing) Therefore what we know of Socrates is based on the writin... Free Essays on Socrates,Plato,Aristotle Free Essays on Socrates,Plato,Aristotle As Plato once said â€Å"philosophy begins in wonder†. Plato was part of a triad of great thinkers who had in common a student - teacher relationship built on questioning and discussion rather than memorization and recollection of facts. Although they agreed and disagreed on many topics, it was their style of questioning and the resulting intense debates which brought them renown. Despite the passing of twenty-five hundred years their topics remain relevant to the modern world. The first of these great minds, Socrates, was born in Athens around 470 b.c. to a sculptor and midwife. As a young man he studied popular philosophers of the time, but felt that their ideas were not pertinent to the people. The ‘pre-socratics’ toiled over questions like the the distance of the earth from the sun. Even if the answer were known, it would have no bearing on the lives of anybody. Socrates focus was on morality and politics, which affected everyone's life. It was the questions that Socrates raised that led to his notoriety and fame. Simple questions people thought they knew the answer to went through the Socratic thinking process and revealed to many that not only did they not know the answer, but neither did he. It was the fact that Socrates questioned everything that got him in trouble. Socrates revealed how little people in power knew, as well as everyone else. He also taught people to be true to themselves above all other things, which is a key point in his enemies accusations that he corrupted youth and had no reverence for the Gods. â€Å"If you take my advice you will think little of Socrates, and a great deal more about truth.† Plato, a student of Socrates, was born to a wealthy aristocratic family and became Socrates’ student at age twenty. Not only was he important as a philosopher himself, but also because he recorded Socrates’ work. (Socrates wrote nothing) Therefore what we know of Socrates is based on the writin...

4 ways the nursing profession is changing

4 ways the nursing profession is changing Nursing is one of the most solid career options out there right now- demand is steady, and there will always be evergreen elements of the career, like direct patient care. But how nurses provide that care is changing with the times, as qualified medical professionals are in ever-higher demand. Here are some recent trends in nursing that show how the career is evolving. Nurses as primary care professionalsRight now there’s a significant shortage of primary care physicians- and with an ever-growing pool of patients, that means nurses are often stepping into that void to help make sure patients are receiving the care they need. Nurse practitioners are the professionals who have more leeway in prescribing medicine and fulfilling duties that are normally handled by physicians or physician assistants.If the prospect of stepping into this role interest you, you’re in luck- the demand for nurse practitioners is expected to grow by 19% by 2026, according to the U.S. Bureau of La bor Statistics.Nurses in outpatient facilitiesWith hospitals under pressure to get patients back out the door and more and more healthcare system demands from an aging Baby Boomer population, outpatient clinics and offices are handling more and more of the healthcare load. And this increased demand means more job opportunities for nurses as well. Jobs that take nurses out of the traditional hospital or physician’s office setting are on the rise and offer options for nurses looking to practice in different types of facilities.Nurses and new technologyIn virtually every field, technology is revolutionizing the way we do our jobs, and nursing is no exception. Electronic health records (EHR) systems have become the norm, making updated patient data accessible instantly. And non-invasive diagnostic tools have started taking hold as well, changing how nurses interact with patients. Nurses need to be tech-savvy, from the latest medical technology to mobile phone apps that can help t hem organize their schedules and coordinate patient care.Technology is also becoming a major factor in the nursing classroom, with nurses learning how to perform complex tasks or handle high-pressure situations through using simulators. These tools let nurses get a sense of what face-to-face patient care is like, even before a nurse starts seeing actual patients.Nurses and diversityFor a long time, the stereotypical nurse was female, but the field is growing and changing, with more male nurses than ever stepping into scrubs. According to a study done by the U.S. Census Bureau, in 1970, only 2.7 percent of registered nurses were men. In 2011, this number increased to 9.6 percent. In addition, areas of nursing with huge gender disparities, like neonatal nursing, are increasingly seeing more men entering the field. Diversity in general is growing for nurses, making it a career choice for people from all different backgrounds.If you’re thinking about entering the nursing field, y ou’re doing it at a very exciting time- with a lot of change on the horizon. The more willing you are to embrace these new trends, the better suited you’ll be for your career in healthcare.

Bullying Should be Abolished Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Bullying Should be Abolished - Research Paper Example A second form of bullying is the verbal assault, which includes calling names or insulting an individual or worse still spreading rumors about the person (Rigby 225). In other cases, some bullies use text messages to intimidate an individual. Other bullies use the internet and intimidate others by posting nasty comments to an individual’s profile on a social network. Other bullies post pictures that seek to intimidate or raise issues on one’s reputation. Bullying may also be sexual in cases where the bully sends sexual photos, calls you names that touch on sexuality or physically harasses one sexually without their consent. Bullying can take place in school, neighborhood, workplace, and among peers. Other bullies find their prey on the internet and in cyber. Often victims face bullying because of their race, body shape, family, sexuality, and integrity. Bullying is a detestable act in society, and the institutions should abolish it and the government should establish an anti-bully policy. Bullying has devastating effects on the wellbeing of individuals and denies the victims opportunities of living freely. Bullies cause immeasurable intimidation on their victim affecting their self-esteem. According to scholars, the practice is common in high schools. Further, researchers believe that from the understanding of human development, humans build self-esteem during their teen age. High school students are in this age bracket and therefore their self-esteem is greatly affected. These students feel inferior to their fellow students and show signs of loss of self worth (William 2). Individuals, who experience a low self-esteem in their teen age, usually have difficulties in self-actualization later in their lives. They lack faith in themselves and unless they can rise above these challenges, they do not achieve their goals in life. From Rigby’s publication, it is also clear that victims of bullying have a higher likelihood of developing psychiatric disorders (227). This happens later in their lives if they face bullying at the tender age of eight years. It is unfair to deny an individual an opportunity to develop a high self-esteem and affect the rest of their lives. Children who are bullies show signs of depression and this indicates that bullying affects both the victim and the bully. Victims of bullying undergo extreme trauma. They feel empty and nobody comes to their rescue; they lose the reason for living and take their lives. This is usually so tragic to the family of such teenagers. Moreover, these teenagers die at a tender age and never live to see their dreams come true and this is a great loss to society in terms of potential. Families of the victims have a hard time accepting the death of their beloved children according to Colson in his article titled `Mother claims bullying led to daughter’s suicide’. Friends of the victims experience great loss too and tend to live in fear of the same happening to them. The main cause of reported suicide is usually because of feeling worthless and this ascertains to the fact that bullying can lead to suicide. Bullies can also consider suicide on realization that a victim committed suicide. This is because of guilt and even those not taking this option experience depression because of guilt. Bullying affects children negatively and reports

Dell Inc Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dell Inc - Research Paper Example rs (agents) manage to obtain support of directors concerning their practices, which do not deliver optimum level of value to the shareholders (principals) then the problem of agency, aggravates into corporate governance problem(Kashyap, Antia and Frazier). Therefore, governments use to intervene in these kind of cases because, shareholders simply do not have sufficient resources and competencies to pinpoint a fraud on a directorial level. However, law bounds organizations to announce their financial performance publically. At the same instance, governmental financial law enforcement agencies analyze the organizational practices of corporations in order to quantify their compliance with the general premises of maximization of shareholders wealth(Wojcik). However, modernly governments are planting their representatives in board of directors, so that they can monitor the fulfillment of the promises made by managers to shareholders in real time. Another purpose of this paper is to define hybrids of widely accepted organizational structures worldwide. However, for this purpose it is important to note that there are two basic organizational structures known to the world, which are centralized and decentralized formations of organizations(Homburg, Jensen and Haiin). The former one is characterized with centric leadership and authority therefore, all of the departments take orders and instructions from a formalized chain of command. On the other hand, the latter one can be defined as something, which is attributed with delegation of authority and job autonomy. Under this mechanism, top management is only responsible for providing broad objectives for middle and line management to achieve. Nevertheless, top management in this case does not concern itself to the operational layout through which intended goals are being fulfilled. But, with the passage of time, centralized organizational setting evolved into as structure with a se parate department for innovative project

The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business Research Paper

The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business - Research Paper Example 2. Compare the American legal system to the international legal environment of business.   We live in a global economy where goods are manufactured in one country and are packed in other country. In search of cheap labor, raw material and talent, businesses have expanded themselves and have crossed the physical boundaries. The legal of system of every country is different from other. Different countries possess different legal systems however some countries share same legal system for instance countries like Australia, United States and India uses common law systems. In a civil law system, legal system and laws are based upon different and unique circumstances. Some countries legal systems and ideologies are based upon religion for instance Saudi Arabia, Middle East, Pakistan and Iran etc. These nations follow the systems of Koran and Sunnah. Some countries have civil legal system where judges do not have much flexibility and authority to apply law such as Germany, Russia and Franc e. It is highly essential to interpret the legal system and law while doing business international and its affect on commercial activities (Hiray, 2007). 3. Recognize the principal legal and ethical issues facing managers Managers have to face number of issues in their day-to-day dealings. Most of them are related to ethical and legalities. Some principle ethical and legal issues faced by managers are: Ethical Issues Identifying and resolving the dilemmas of ethical situations Maintaining high standards of ethics while conducting business transactions Providing uniform treatment to all the workers in the work environment Keeping the rights, obligations and concern for environment, stakeholders, employees and company Taking decisions after considering the ethical consequences Legal Issues Safeguarding the private and confidential information of the company in accordance with the law Complying with the domestic and international laws while doing business dealings Accepting accountabil ity for the actions and judgments of individual Apart from above mentioned principles, some other ethical and legal issues are related to fraud, marketing tactics and discrimination. 4. Argue the importance of ethics and social responsibility in the business world.   The importance of ethical and social responsibility in any business is that ignoring these important aspects can cause loss of huge time and money to any business. The unquestionable and unethical social practices can be devastating for any size of business. Nowadays, the impact of business decisions on environment has become more important than ever before. Consumers and watchdogs do not leave a single chance to suspect and call out a business, which is mistreating the natural resources and causing devastating effects on environment. Good social and ethical practices are keys to any company’s success. Therefore, nowadays, along with the objective of making profits, the companies are also trying to make an obje ctive of being environmental friendly. The idea that philanthropic efforts are unfavorable to the success and profitability of any business has become obsolete option. 5. Apply ethical frameworks to business situations.   In case of any ethical dilemma, the best way to resolve the issues is to apply ethical framework to that situations. The most widely known ethical framework is mentioned below. Recognizing the Ethical Dilemma Gathering Facts and

The Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Revolution - Essay Example Large plantations were similar to modern factories, extremely organized, and focused primarily on one goal: that of improving production. The slaves had a specific task assigned to them and they were expected to do a specific amount of the work each day. They were usually inspected by an overseer who would often be cruel and inconsiderate, pushing them beyond human endurance. The owner was usually not present or looked in on the work at suitable intervals, interacting only with the overseer. Some of the harshest treatments to the slaves were meted out at large plantations of sugar, rice, or cotton of the Old South. On a small plantation or a farm, on the other hand, the slaves were given different tasks to do directly by their master, and were more a part of the household because they worked in the home as well as the field. There was no overseer, and all the work was given out by the owner himself. This gave the slaves a better sense of belonging, and they were treated much better, because usually they were more like servants in European households than tortured slaves. The phrase"jumping the broom" comes

Fair Payment System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fair Payment System - Essay Example A rapidly growing body of literature and research indicates that flexibility and equity have now come to occupy a vital place in remuneration schemes and the inability of strike a balance might results in breach of psychological contract. This brings us to some relevant concepts in the discussion of fair pay system today. First we need to understand that when an employee starts working for an organization, it establishes a relationship between the employer and the employee. We call these exchange relationships since employee promises to offer something for the payment he hopes to receive. His services include loyalty, dedication, commitment and good performance. In return he hopes to be paid in a way that would match his talents and his input. One very important concept in this regard is that of equity theory that helps us to see why we need flexibility and fairness while creating a remuneration strategy. Equity theory studies the psychological acknowledgment of being treated equally. This is a very relevant concept and one that is being used increasing in developing fair pay system. Equity theory states that employees must feel that they are being treated fairly when they compare their pay with those of their counterparts at the same position. This is where inputs and rewards are closely studied. Employees would want to make sure that their input, if it is equal, must follow equal rewards. Adams (1965) explained that equity theory studies the ingrained mental process that allows a person to see how are efforts being rewarded and whether or not same efforts are being rewarded with similar returns. Equity theory further states that if people experience inequity, they will change their behavior in order to attain the feelin g of equity or remove the tension that arises from the feeling of inequity. If they feel that their ratios are lower when compared to those of their colleagues in the same position, they will start behaving in a negative fashion to bring their ratios at par with their efforts. Some will start coming late to work, or decrease their inputs or not meet deadlines etc. Psychological contract is another important concept which has been helpful in developing fair pay systems. Argyris (1960) who coined this term describes it as a 'set of practical and emotional expectations of benefits that employees and employers can reasonably have of each other.' Since that time, the term has been defined and redefined a number of times with Rousseau's definition becoming most influential: 'An individual's belief regarding the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange agreement between the focal person and another party A psychological contract emerges when one party believes that a promise of future returns has been made, a contribution has been given and thus, an obligation has been created to provide future benefits'. (Rousseau 1989) Pay is generally the most important part of the contents of a psychological contract. In a UK study conducted by Herriot et al. (1996), it was found that employees used fairness and pay most frequently when work environment was discussed. It was the two things that topped the list of things that employees paid attention to when discussion of work environment came up. Pay for performance is the third most commonly discussed concept in development of fair pay system. Recent developments in the field of management and performance-based evaluation systems provide conclusive evidence of the fact that the understanding of

Motivation and Concept Table & Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Motivation and Concept Table & Paper - Essay Example Therefore, each employee aims to provide the best service possible in order to reach the goal of guest satisfaction. In the hotel industry, cognitive motivational theory through goal-setting provides the operational framework in which the employees approach their work. In creating a successful atmosphere within a hotel, cognitive motivational theory has a significant use in creating the appropriate structure in which to help motivate the employees of the hotel to excel in their positions. An important part of cognitive motivational theory is goal-setting in which the employee sets standards and goals for themselves in order to meet a standard that is more than satisfactory for their guests. According to Bandura (2007), â€Å"By making self-satisfaction conditional on matching the standard, people give direction to their actions and create self-incentives to persist in their efforts until their performances match their goals† (p. 128). The goals of the hotel staff are to create a satisfactory experience for the guests. In order to do this effectively, setting personal standards and levels of service that is above the standard will create a better experience for the guests and a sense of satisfaction for the employees. Usually, the front desk manages the calls from guests who have requests and complaints. Sometimes a large hotel will have a phone center to field calls, but most often in an average through small size hotel it is the front desk who manages these calls. Job satisfaction through goal setting within cognitive based motivation occurs as an employee is able to achieve excellent service for the guest. The front desk is the front line between the operation of the hotel and the multiple departments that must accomplish their goals and missions in order to create guest satisfaction. One way in which management may reinforce goal-setting motivation will be

Fair Payment System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fair Payment System - Essay Example A rapidly growing body of literature and research indicates that flexibility and equity have now come to occupy a vital place in remuneration schemes and the inability of strike a balance might results in breach of psychological contract. This brings us to some relevant concepts in the discussion of fair pay system today. First we need to understand that when an employee starts working for an organization, it establishes a relationship between the employer and the employee. We call these exchange relationships since employee promises to offer something for the payment he hopes to receive. His services include loyalty, dedication, commitment and good performance. In return he hopes to be paid in a way that would match his talents and his input. One very important concept in this regard is that of equity theory that helps us to see why we need flexibility and fairness while creating a remuneration strategy. Equity theory studies the psychological acknowledgment of being treated equally. This is a very relevant concept and one that is being used increasing in developing fair pay system. Equity theory states that employees must feel that they are being treated fairly when they compare their pay with those of their counterparts at the same position. This is where inputs and rewards are closely studied. Employees would want to make sure that their input, if it is equal, must follow equal rewards. Adams (1965) explained that equity theory studies the ingrained mental process that allows a person to see how are efforts being rewarded and whether or not same efforts are being rewarded with similar returns. Equity theory further states that if people experience inequity, they will change their behavior in order to attain the feelin g of equity or remove the tension that arises from the feeling of inequity. If they feel that their ratios are lower when compared to those of their colleagues in the same position, they will start behaving in a negative fashion to bring their ratios at par with their efforts. Some will start coming late to work, or decrease their inputs or not meet deadlines etc. Psychological contract is another important concept which has been helpful in developing fair pay systems. Argyris (1960) who coined this term describes it as a 'set of practical and emotional expectations of benefits that employees and employers can reasonably have of each other.' Since that time, the term has been defined and redefined a number of times with Rousseau's definition becoming most influential: 'An individual's belief regarding the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange agreement between the focal person and another party A psychological contract emerges when one party believes that a promise of future returns has been made, a contribution has been given and thus, an obligation has been created to provide future benefits'. (Rousseau 1989) Pay is generally the most important part of the contents of a psychological contract. In a UK study conducted by Herriot et al. (1996), it was found that employees used fairness and pay most frequently when work environment was discussed. It was the two things that topped the list of things that employees paid attention to when discussion of work environment came up. Pay for performance is the third most commonly discussed concept in development of fair pay system. Recent developments in the field of management and performance-based evaluation systems provide conclusive evidence of the fact that the understanding of

United States History from 1865 - 1929 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

United States History from 1865 - 1929 - Essay Example 1865 marked the death of slavery and birth of racism in US which appalled as decades passed by while the 20th century highlighted the diplomatic side of US. Slavery in US was officially banned after 1865, yet that was the time of birth of racism in US. African Americans, Asian Americans and Chinese were some of the minorities in US between 1865 and 1929. White Americans formed the majority of US. 1865 and onwards was the era when US opened the gates to immigration and people started to pour into US from all parts of the world. That was also the time when slavery was considerably abolished from US after a long struggle of the states and US had been proven indivisible. Nevertheless, the abolition of slavery gave birth to racism because not all Americans were pleased to see the past slaves acquire the right to vote and fill positions in the government. This raised new challenges not only for the African Americans, but also for all other migrants that were in a minority in the US. After the slavery was legally abolished and the rich culture of America was eradicated, African Americans felt uncomfortable while using their right to vote. Although they had physically been released from the chains of slavery, yet they required decades of psychological therapy to break free of the hold of the trauma of slavery. However, things changed for the better as time passed. Many of them introduced the black codes with puts constraints on their freedom. By 1870, a lot of African Americans were allowed entry into politics and the Congress. But a vast majority of the white Southerners was not in the favor of reconstruction. The culmination of the Reconstruction Period in 1877 sanctioned a new constitution. In spite of the guarantees made by the new constitution, African-Americans and the immigrants had the status of second-class citizens in US. With limited civil rights, they made subordinates to the white Americans that were in majority. Racism was omnipresent in schools, off ices, hospitals, recreational spots and public stations. As the 19th century approached its end, racism in US reached its apogee. Strict segregation in public places, sports, theaters, transportation and cemeteries was supported by law. A vast majority of the African Americans had been denied the right to vote as a result of their inability to pay the poll taxes, which had been primarily enforced to keep them from participating in the policy. African Americans were subject to violence by the mobs and they were put into forced labor in jails if they were made complaint against. Although law had declared them free, yet the majority of African Americans had hardly managed to escape slavery. Start of the 20th century brought industrial revolution to the US. In fact, things had started to change in favor of technological advancement right from the last two decades of the 19th century. Industrialization also made more room for the workers. The American Federation of Labor was established in 1882. Workers were dissatisfied with the low wages and long working hours till the end of the 19th century. Immigrants made a significant proportion of the industrial workforce. Almost 25 million immigrants had settled in different cities of America between 1865 and 1910. Although immigrants were offered lower wages than the native Americans and they had to worker more than them, yet the living conditions in America were better than those in their homelands. Immigrants in America had