Evolutionism Essay

Essay Critically discuss the Nineteenth Century theory of Evolutionism in relation to the social development of cultures. special development of cultures. Anthropology originated in the late 18th and 19th centuries. Missionaries, traders and travellers in Africa, North America, the pacific and elsewhere provided the first great anthropological works. Anthropology is the holistic study of the biological, social and cultural aspects of mankind, paying particular attention to the relationships between our physical and cultural natures and between culture and the nvironment. Anthropology is basically the study of the human species and its immediate ancestors. Early thinkers’ such as Hume, Smith and Montesquieu wrote about primitive institutions which they argued about amongst themselves. Their conclusions were not based on any scientific that could be tested but from principles found in their own culture. They laid the foundations for modern social anthropology believing that universal laws found in nature could be applied to human society. The thinkers were concerned with social evolution and progress. The term evolution was opularized during the 19th century by Herbert Spencer to mean cultural evolution. Evolutionists were those who believed that the cultures and life forms being studied are evolving toa particular form. Evolutionism is the idea that this universe is the result of random cosmic accidents, life arose spontaneously through chemical processes and all life forms are related and share a common ancestor. Evolution is a process of formation, growth and development from generation to generation. Socio- cultural evolutionism describes how cultures and societies have changed over time. In the nineteenth century Edward B. Tylor maintained that culture evolved from simple to complex and all societies passed through three basic stages of development which was originally suggested by Montesquieu. The three stages are called the lines of human progress which states that man evolved from savagery to barbarism and finally to civilization. Man became civilized after discovering pottery. To account for cultural variation different societies were at different stages of evolution. Simpler people of the day had not yet reached higher stages. Some ocieties were more evolve than others. Evolutionists believed Western Europe had evolved from a backward society to a more advanced society. Simpler contemporary societies were thought to resemble ancient societies. More advanced societies exhibited traces of earlier customs that survived in present day cultures, this was known as ‘survival. ‘ Pottery is an example of survival, earlier people made their cooking pots out of clay, today pots are most often made with metal because they are most durable but dishes are preferred to be made out of clay. Tylor correlates the hree levels of social evolution to types of religion: savages practicing animatism, barbarians practicing polytheism, and civilized man practicing monotheism. Tylor includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society,† Tylor believed that because of the basic similarities common to all peoples, different societies often find the same solutions to the same problems independently. Tylor also noted that different cultural traits may spread from one society to another by a simple means of diffusion hich means the borrowing by one culture of a trait belonging to another as the result of contact between the two societies. Lewis H. Morgan was one of the most influential evolutionary theorists of the nineteenth century. In his book Ancient Society, he divided the lines of human progress into the three stages and further divided savagery and barbarism into upper, middle and lower segments. Each stage was distinguished by technological development and connected in patterns of subsistence, marriage, family, and political organization. Middle savagery was arked by the acquisition of a fish diet and the discovery of fire, upper savagery by the bow and arrow, lower barbarism by pottery, middle barbarism by animal domestication and irrigated agriculture, upper barbarism by the manufacture of iron, and civilization by the alphabet. Morgan believed family units became smaller and self contained as society became more developed. Johann J. Bachofen developed a theory of evolution of kinship systems which was agreed upon by Morgan. Morgan believed in the theory of ‘primitive promiscuity,’ which means that human society had o sexual prohibitions and no real family structure. Primitive promiscuity can be divided into ‘matriliny where descent was traced through the female only, ‘patrilinV where descent was traces through the male only and ‘polyandry were several husbands shred one wife. Morgan believed that family units became progressively smaller and more self-contained as human society developed. However, his postulated sequence for the evolution of the family is not supported by the enormous amount of ethnographic data that has been collected since his time. For xample, no recent society that Morgan would call savage indulges in group marriage or allows brother-sister mating. Modern social anthropologists regard these reconstructions as over amplifications of events that can never be known in detail. The efforts of early writers were only historical enquiries. At this stage it became clear that there was no evidence which could detail the earliest stages of society and few societies developed in total isolation of other human cultures or outside influence. The evolutionists became unpopular by the nd of the nineteenth century. The school of Diffusionists became popular, they brelieved tahat cultural change and progress were mainly due to borrowing because items of culture were mainly transmitted from one society to another. Despite the errors of the nineteenth century scholars, modern social anthropology owes much to their efforts because of their interest in the social institutions of different societies and the methods used to draw conclusions. The current anthropological view concentrates mainly on the institutionalized aspects (kinship, marriage and religion) of culture taking into ccount systems of belief, values and ideas. Modern anthropology relys mainly on fieldwork which is the gathering of data which organizes, describes, analyzea and interprets to build and present that account which may be in the form of a book, article or film. The latest investigations regarding early humans is that mankind civilization through the slow gain of knowledge. Reference: * Introduction to anthropology 101 (course book 2010) * Culture vs civilization http://www. edward]ayne. com/culture/fallacy. html http://www. as. ua. edu/ant/Faculty/murphy/436/evol. htm * Wikipedia

Towards an Understanding of Human Resource Management

Aim: With today’s rapid economic development, human resource is the only major success in continuing operations. In fact, my parents are engaged in furniture retail industry in south of China, Guangzhou. In the company’s daily operations, we found a lot of issues about human resource management. Employee’s demission and training, and the negative attitude become major obstacles in the way of our company’s development. Through HRM study, I want to understand what factors affect staff movement behavior and loyalty to the company, in order to deal with the staff situation in the company more efficiently. Method: In this thesis, the case study approach was used. Case study research is suitable for explanatory, descriptive and exploratory. Our research chooses two in-depth case studies that base on the interviews with human resource managers. The information that we collect is from qualitative interviews. Through loyalty and movement theory, to identify which factors are affecting staff movement behavior and loyalty to company, as well as analyze how to solute the issue in my family company. Result & Conclusions: After discussion and analysis, the study found: high wages is not the only way to retain employees. Money as reward can cost a lot, and it’s impersonal. Workplace, leadership style, enterprise potential, training opportunity and promotion space also can affect employee loyalty. According to Motivator-Hygiene Theory, to establish motivation system, exciting staff’s enthusiasm for the work. Let staff realize that the successes of the company are directly connected to their performances; staff have responsibility for company’s successes. This is a powerful way to keep employee motivated. For company development of long standing, organization should command constantly more new technology. Staff as the work of actors, to learn more work skills is essential. Employees and the company’s desire is the same. Companies focus on their own development, but also to enhance staff capacity. For development of the company, it should give staff more training and promotion opportunities. Suggestions for future research: It has to note that the limitation of this study is the small number and the limited scope of interviewees. Contribution of the thesis: In this study, I mainly find the solutions that the issues in my family company. After discussion and analysis, I am cognizant of the long-term relationship between staff and organization is important for company development. The rewards for the employee are not just money, but also can be other. That effect and help my family firm staff management.

Didion’s on Morality Essay

What is it that forms and drives our â€Å"moral behaviors†? Are we born with a basic sense of morality or do we develop a set of moral â€Å"social codes† to keep society from falling into chaos and anarchy? In her essay â€Å"On Morality,† Joan Didion dissects what lies beneath the surface of humanity’s morality. By recounting several stories and historical events, she shows that morality at its basic â€Å"most primitive level† is nothing more than â€Å"our loyalties to the ones we love,† everything else is subjective. Didion’s first story points out our loyalty to family. She is in Death Valley writing an article about â€Å"morality,† â€Å"a word [she] distrust more every day.† She relates a story about a young man who was drunk, had a car accident, and died while driving to Death Valley. â€Å"His girl was found alive but bleeding internally, deep in shock,† Didion states. She talked to the nurse who had driven his girl 185 miles to the nearest doctor. The nurse’s husband had stayed with the body until the coroner could get there. The nurse said, â€Å"You just can’t leave a body on the highway, it’s immoral.† According to Didion this â€Å"was one instance in which [she] did not distrust the word, because [the nurse] meant something quite specific.† She argues we don’t desert a body for even a few minutes lest it be desecrated. Didion claims this is more than â€Å"only a sentimental consideration.† She claims that we promise each other to try and retrieve our casualties and not abandon our dead; it is more than a sentimental consideration. She stresses this point by saying that â€Å"if, in the simplest terms, our upbringing is good enough – we stay with the body, or have bad dreams.† Her point is that morality at its most â€Å"primary† level is a sense of â€Å"loyalty† to one another that we learned from our loved ones. She is saying that we stick with our loved ones no matter what, in sickness, in health, in bad times and good times; we don’t abandon our dead because we don’t want someone to abandon us. She is professing that morality is to do what we think is right; whatever is necessary to meet our â€Å"primary loyalties† to care for our loved ones, even if it means sacrificing ourselves. Didion emphatically states she is talking about a â€Å"wagon-train morality,† and â€Å"For better or for worse, we are what we learned as children.† She talks about her childhood and hearing â€Å"graphic litanies about the Donner-Reed party and the Jayhawkers. She maintains they â€Å"failed in their loyalties to each other,† and â€Å"deserted one another.† She says they â€Å"breached their primary loyalties,† or they would not have been in those situations. If we go against our â€Å"primary loyalties† we have failed, we regret it, and thus â€Å"have bad dreams.† Didion insist that â€Å"we have no way of knowing†¦what is ‘right’ and what is ‘wrong,’ what is ‘good and what is ‘evil’.† She sees politics, and public policy falsely assigned â€Å"aspects of morality.† She warns us not to delude ourselves into thinking that because we want or need something â€Å"that it is a moral imperative that we have it, then is when we join the fashionable madmen.† She is saying this will be our demise, and she may well be correct. Hitler’s idea that he had â€Å"a moral imperative† to â€Å"purify the Aryan race† serves as a poignant reminder of such a delusion. In 1939 Hitler’s Nazi army invaded Poland and started World War II. World War II came to an end in large part due to the United States dropping two atomic bombs. If the war had continued and escalated to the point of Hitler’s Nazis and the United States dropping more atomic bombs we could have destroyed most, if not all, of humanity, the ultimate act of â€Å"fashionable madmen.† We may believe our behaviors are just and righteous, but Didion’s essay makes us closely examine our motives and morals. She contends that madmen, murders, war criminals and religious icons throughout history have said â€Å"I followed my own conscience.† â€Å"I did what I thought was right.† â€Å"Maybe we have all said it and maybe we have been wrong.† She shows us that our â€Å"moral codes† are often subjective and fallacious, that we rationalize and justify our actions to suit our ulterior motives, and our only true morality is â€Å"our loyalty to those we love.† It is this â€Å"loyalty to those we love† that forms our families, then our cities, our states, our countries and ultimately our global community. Without these â€Å"moral codes,† social order would break down into chaos and anarchy.

BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL CASE STUDY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL - Case Study Example Her case presents an insight into the effects that this condition can have on an individual’s life. Bertha started experiencing problems in her health near about the time when her father fell ill. Her initial complain was cough which was then followed by other problems which included visual and auditory problems as well as headaches. She then stopped talking for 14 days which was then followed by episodes of transition between two different personalities. After her father died, her condition worsened. Breuer was the person who was treating her. He used hypnosis on her to treat her condition. HE applied the principle of Catharsis to treat her and he used it for her different symptoms to overcome them. Though the frequency of her personality switch decreased, she was still experiencing the problem. Breuer discontinued his treatment and left her after she told him that she was pregnant and was carrying his child. This was a form of transference and this concept was not well understood at that time. Breuer declared her health to be well and left her. Following this she was sent to an institution and it was found from her reports that she had become a morphine addict and had stopped speaking in her mother tongue which was German. She also lost track of certain happenings in her life and could not remember them. Also there were periods of unconsciousness as well. Even after she left the institution, it was seen that she had two personalities for about another half decade. But she did eventually recover after about ten years and she became actively involved in social work. She worked for the rights of women as well as children. It was believed that in the case of Anna she was a target of emotional as well as sexual exploitation and it was this trauma that led her into the condition of multiple personality disorder. It is also thought that since she was an intelligent lady and women in those times were suppressed, she could have been emotionally disturbed because of this as well. Also her family was strict and she had many limitations and thus her lack of freedom ca n also be associated with this condition. Multiple personality disorder is a condition which is believed to have many reasons that lead to its causation. Biological factors have an important role to play. It has been seen that this condition is associated with trauma and such strain and disturbances can lead to effects on the life of a person. It is believed that the orbitofrontal complex is an important system of the human brain that helps in keeping memories and it is considered to be affected in this condition which can be counted as a reason for the absence of a person’s thoughts and happenings and short term memory loss. It is also involved in maintaining the emotional stability of a person. The development of the nerves and the myelination of the nervous system are at its peak in the last 3 to 4 years of a person’s life. It gets completed by the age of 12 years. Strained relationships with the parents in early ages are seen to be related with affecting this compl ex of the brain. In the case of Anna, as it is believed that she must have been traumatized at an early age due to emotional as well as sexual abuse, a possible correlation with the loss of efficient functioning of the orbitofrontal complex can be related to her condition. It is also notable that since she came from a conservative family and she was an intelligent woman, this could have also affected the early years of her life. The affect on this complex

Personal Responsibility in College Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Personal Responsibility in College Life - Essay Example Personal responsibility refers to the sense of realizing, recognizing, accepting and fulfilling the responsibilities for one's individual acts, thoughts, behaviours and responses. Personal responsibility is to comply with the obligations and personal duties that are expected from a person while living in a particular society and environment. When an individual has the sense of understanding his responsibilities and duties he can set the directions for his actions because he becomes aware of the potential consequences and effects of his acts upon his personality as well as the people and surrounding environment. When people gain complete understanding and awareness of their responsibilities and obligations they are able to make the right and informed decisions and choices about their life. They could follow the ideas and plans for their personal improvement because they know their boundaries and potential. It makes people realize their importance and role behind the completion and suc cess of certain tasks and, thus, also motivates them to play their part and make positive contributions towards the fulfilment for certain jobs (Brown, 2009). For me, personal responsibility means a lot because it is all due to personal responsibilities realization that I have gained something in my life as a student and as a member of the society. It is something that keeps me aware about the commitments with myself and the society and also motivates to seek the better ways for the attainment of my goals, career plans and social obligations. During the initial years of my life, I was directed by my parents to differentiate between right and wrong. However, as I grow my sense of taking personal responsibility also grew and gradually I turned into a responsible member of the family, educational institution and the society. I believe that all the successes of an individual are mainly contributed by his sense of recognizing and complying with the personal responsibilities. Hence, what I am today is mainly due to my behaviours, my words, my actions and my thoughts and it would never be possible for me to keep all these elements in single and right direction without giving awareness about my personal responsibilities. It implies that personal responsibility encourages people to build their personalities, career, social status and family life. Personal responsibility guides people during each phase of the life to make sensible and constructive decisions (Susan et al, 2009). Relationship between Personal Responsibility and College Education Personal responsibility appears to be an important issue when it comes to college education. The awareness of personal responsibility distinguishes a mature adult from a child and enables him/her to act as a fully functional human being. Personal responsibility compliments success and achievement because it motivates a person to accomplish the things that he/she wants in life. This motivation plays an important role during the col lege education. The teachers and instructors perform their duties by educating the students. Without realization of personal responsibilities one could not do well at any educational institutes because there are certain things that the students have to learn at their own. The management of time and

Economics Policy Public Goods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics Policy Public Goods - Essay Example If education is provided by the private market alone, it would result in imbalance, and hence, the market mechanism would not be able to match demand and supply. The reason for this is the fact that private forces are not concerned with the public interest; they are concerned about their own returns and nominal benefit. Therefore, the private market forces will only produce those goods which would lead to maximum profits. The private market forces ignore social costs and benefits, and therefore, will not produce the optimal quantity of merit or price-excludable public goods. Education would be under-produced by the private sector. All merit goods are considered good for the people, and the government desires to provide them in abundance. Merit goods have more social benefit than private benefit. Therefore, the private sector would not provide them optimally. Education has large external benefits relative to private benefits, that is, social benefits are greater than private benefits. Under the price mechanism, there would be few firms willing to provide education, and they would charge high prices. High prices would reduce consumption because some or many people might not be able to afford education.

Do boys have a genetic lack of motivation in Modern Foreign Languages Essay

Do boys have a genetic lack of motivation in Modern Foreign Languages - Essay Example Learning new languages apart from the commonly used or national languages is paramount in enhancing communication with individuals with diverse native backgrounds. The languages that may include individuals second or third communication technique holds relevance in promoting mutual understanding with different personalities and steer trade. Institutions are currently focusing on employing individuals with diverse language background who hold the capacity of interacting proficiently with customers from diverse locations. This is critical since the world is becoming a global village where trade and various activities are jointly undertaken. This essay discusses the role of genetics in enhancing boys interest in learning modern foreign languages (MFLs). Influence of genetics in motivating boys in learning Modern Foreign Languages As noted by teachers in various settings, most male students are increasingly becoming less interested in learning modern languages. The student’s exhib it low motivational aspects and determination that hinders their success in learning new languages compared to female students. They assert that the low interest and motivation in learning modern languages are instigated genetically in most instances (Jones & Jones, 2001, P, 1). In particular, male students have attitudinal complications that affect their capacity in getting absolute acquaintance to foreign languages that demands determination, consistency and time input. According to various studies, boys low motivational and interest levels in learning MFLs is attributable to genetics, attitudinal and social issues. The study depicts that boys are created with inferior innate capacity that motivates further effort towards acquiring proficiency in various foreign languages (Jones & Jones, 2001, P, 1). Boys are associated with complex subjects that require less communication since they hold low social capacity compared to female students. Consequently, boys are known for their inabi lity to sit for a long period as female students. This deprives them the opportunity to acquire optimal support in the process of learning MFLs that require long hours of dedication and corporation with the teachers. Genetically, the brainpower of boys is suitable for tackling complex issues, for example, mathematics and sciences. They are also suitable for tackling sciences and providing solutions to complex matters of great significance (Jones & Jones, 2001, P, 1). They lack the capacity to involve in an intensive narration and learning new languages due to their impatience. They prefer engaging in structured and practical activities or subjects that require systematic approaches. This explains boys’ instrumental motivational orientation that associates them with rewards. Their focus on the reward system limits their motivational ability since languages does not present them with wide opportunities. Culture is an integrative motivational orientation aspect that influences b oys’ interest in learning modern languages. As noted, various communities adopt diverse cultural practices that define their lifestyle and decision-making. The practices also define the activities and duties that either gender is under expectation to perform. These practices have deep-rooted implications and most individuals believe in them. In most settings, boys are associated with complex undertakings and large output in terms of returns. They are regarded as individuals with great brain

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art - Essay Example The World of Art: Concepts of Art: Going through the book, different concepts can be unlearned through which an art or a craft is presented. The most important concept in the creation of an art seems to be the use of different medium available in an artist’s surroundings. The concept of aboriginal rock art enhances on the fundamentality of the experiences by human that lead him to create an art. The use of chalk and charcoal could be observed as another concept of making art that descriptively presents a matter in front of others as given the name of delineation. Smudging is a procedure that can be applied on such charcoal paintings which is another concept of art creation and presentation. The use of pastel and pastel oil sticks have also been reflected through the book as several artists have made use of these in their paintings. Another concept of painting is the ‘wash and brush’ where the painter dilutes ink with water and then apply it on broad areas for maki ng the painting. The book also presents other aspects of craft apart from painting that include printmaking and creation of crafts. The technique of printmaking also involves several concepts some of which as mentioned in the book are woodcutting, wood engraving, linocut, engraving and etching. These are different forms of printmaking and uses different mediums for the design of the print, for example, in case of wood engraving, the print is created by engraving designs on the wood. These designs would then be filled with colors and inks. Lithography or writing on stone has been presented as another form of art creation. Finally the book also presents the creation of crafts through the use of different concepts like the glass, fiber, ceramics, and wood that can be used in the designing and creation of different crafts (Sayre, 169-320). Artists and their Arts: The book presents the arts and creations of several artists. The Allegory of Painting is an art created by Jan Vermeer that s hows the use of each and every medium present in the surroundings of the artist. An ink and wash concept has been used in the creation of the Workshop of Pollaiuolo which was a drawing of the times of Renaissance. It presents a view on the unavailability of paper and hence the use of wood to carve out arts as portrayed through the painting. A magnificent painting has been created by Leonardo da Vinci named as Study for a Sleeve with the use of pen, chalk, and lampblack. The paintings created by Leonardo generated a seriousness of the contribution of art on the paintings and also inspired several other painters of the time. Oil paint was used by Raphaiel in his creation of The Alba Madonna and the painting marvelously portrayed the human expressions from in depth of their hearts. The Banana Flower art created by Georgia O’Keeffe was done with the use of charcoal and black chalk. Another artist, Georges Pierre Seurat, created the painting Cafe Concert with the use of crayons on Ingres paper. Vija Celmin had presented a graphite drawing unique in its character in the way it presented the picture of an ocean. The name of the painting was Untitled (Ocean) (Sayre, 169-179). Mary Cassatt learnt the use of pastel and became famous for her drawings associated with mothers and children, one of which was reflected through the painting named Young Mother, Daughter, and Son. Artists like Elisabetta Sirani and Jean Dubuffet were also famous for their use

The corrosive nature of social networking websites Essay

The corrosive nature of social networking websites - Essay Example Social networking sites cause loneliness (Boyd d and Ellison: pp. 221). When joining these sites, for instance, Facebook, no one has the intention to get lonely while online. However, most research findings can prove that the more someone uses the internet services, the more the chances of getting lonely and depressed. This is because the sense of being happy rapidly drops after the first day of using the website. The loneliness issue arises because Facebook serves different purposes with everyone using what is meaningful to their social life. Therefore, through the consumption of so much content on such social networking websites, people lose their social bonding thus lowering their self-esteem and feeling which in turn increases loneliness. Social networking websites are creating a false sense of interaction. The society fosters real and meaningful kinds of relationships. They are supposed to be healthy to everyone because they act as role-shaping structures, increases the sense of belonging and the will to conquer problems. However, most of these social networks though created out of a simple idea of promoting social relationships, have been creating a wrong sense of connection (Kennedy, et al.: pp. 110). They are among the fastest growing companies with Facebook being on the lead. They have chat rooms that enable users to communicate with each other. These chat rooms make users glued to their computer screens, as they want to find out more from their online friends.

Protein Concentration Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Protein Concentration - Lab Report Example The two most common examples are -helix and -sheet (fig. 1) Proteins are not completely rigid systems and they shift between several related structures while they perform their biological functions or roles. Such changes are often induced by the binding of a substrate to the protein's active site. The Biuret reagent is composed of potassium hydroxide (KOH), copper (II) sulphate (CuSO4) and potassium sodium tartrate (KNaC4H4O64H2O). This reagent is used in a protein assay, a colorimetric test to determine protein concentration by detecting the Cu2+ ion with the help of spectrometric methods. In the presence of proteins, this blue reagent turns purple, while when there are short-chain polypeptides in solution it turns pink [MadSci Network]. A spectrometer is an optical instrument used to measure properties of light (intensity, polarisation, etc) over a specific range of the electromagnetic spectrum (in this experiment UV-Vis at a 560nm). The independent variable is generally the wavelength of the light expressed as nanometers. These instruments are used in spectroscopy to measure the interaction between radiation and matter. In this experiment, UV/Vis spectroscopy is used to determine the concentration of a solution of proteins with the aforementioned Biuret agent. The Beer-Lambert law (A=lc, where A is the absorbance, is the absorption coefficient, l is the distance light travels through the material, c is the concentration of the species that absorbs the light) establishes that the absorbance of any solution is directly proportional to the concentration of the solution [Sheffield Hallam University]. To establish the concentration of a solution, it is necessary to know first how the absorbance changes with the concentration. In order to achieve this, the calibration curve must be determined. AIMS Protein solutions are colourless so cannot be easily determined by simple colorimetric methods. Biuret reagent (copper sulphate, sodium hydroxide, and sodium potassium tartrate) reacts with compounds containing two or more peptide bonds to give a purple-violet colour, so this reaction can be used for a colorimetric method for estimating the concentration of protein in solution. This experiment involves treating a series of proteins of known concentration with Biuret reagent. The data obtained may be used to draw a standard curve. This curve can then be used to estimate the concentration of 2 protein solutions for which the concentrations are not known. METHODS You have been provided with: (a) protein standard solution (albumin) 10 mg/ml (b) albumin solutions X and Y of unknown concentration (c) Biuret reagent (d) de-ionised water Prepare the following in labelled test tubes, mix well and leave for 20-30 minutes at room temperature: Tube A B C D E F G Protein standard (ml) 4 3 2 1 0 - - De-ionised water (ml) 0 1 2 3 4 - - Unknown albumin X (ml) - - - - - 4 - Unknown albumin Y (ml) - - - - - - 4 Biuret reagent (ml) 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Read the absorbance at 540nm for solutions A - G (first using tube E as the blank to zero the

The Form and Function of The Eucharist in Modern, British Christianity Essay

The Form and Function of The Eucharist in Modern, British Christianity - Essay Example From the time Psychology became an independent field of enquiry the psychologists started studying religious phenomenon, especially rituals like the Eucharist. But for the exception of Islam and Buddhism all religions have some form of sacrifice. The Christian sacrifice of Eucharist is, in a way, the perfection of all the sacrifices that the world has witnessed, because it is the sacrifice performed by the Messiah Himself. Since no more sacrifices are required to atone for mankind, Christ Himself ordered mankind to perform the sacrifice in the form of Eucharistic celebration in which the materials used are wine and bread. But though the material used are wine and bread they turn into the body and blood of Christ. To find out the level of participation in UK two approaches have been used. To find out the general attitudes to Eucharist the tool of Focus Group was used. The study yielded ten different attitudes to Eucharist, ranging from wholehearted involvement to total apathy. Finally the statistical information on UK public to religion was used .It revealed that religion is matter of limited interest to UK public. Eucharist, par excellence, is community worship. Since the modern British Christians are members of religion only from the point of view of statistics only the participation in the Eucharist, is not matter of importance to them. Religious phenomenon started attracting the attention of scholars only in the latter half of 19th century. Religion was a subject surrounded in mystery and generally scholars did not study it as they studied other subjects. Subjects like sociology, anthropology and psychology however started making their entry into the study of religion. The attempt was praiseworthy as thinking man or woman is able to integrate his /her faith experience in the light of reason. In fact, many people thought that Darwin’s work would be the death knell of people’s faith in religion. But even after Darwin religion remains .The

The ghost in Hamlet Essay Example for Free

The ghost in Hamlet Essay The Ghost is an essential element to the plot of Hamlet, revealing the true cause of the Kings death and establishing the need for revenge as well as confronting Hamlet with a moral dilemma, and is used by Shakespeare to open up several ideas and questions in the play. Shakespeare employs an ambiguous theme throughout the play using an antithesis of ideas which cause suspense, confusion and elusiveness. The complexity of the Ghosts character allows Shakespeare to introduce many views into the play, which can be seen through both the actions of the Ghost as well as the effect it has on Hamlet himself. Hamlet is presented with several different ideas in the play, one of them being the true purpose for revenge. There is evidence in the Ghosts emergence in Act 1 Scene 5 to suggest that he is less outraged at his own murder then he is at Gertrudes lust, for example the majority of the Ghosts speech is about the incestuous relationship between Gertrude and Claudius. The relationship between Gertrude and Claudius is described by the Ghost as shameful and it is emotive word choices such as this which Shakespeare uses to convey to the audience the impact that their relationship has had on the Ghost. Another antithesis displayed by Shakespeare is of the characters Claudius and the Ghost. The Ghost contrasts his love of dignity for Gertrude with Claudiuss witchcraft and traitorous gifts, and this comparison between the two shows Hamlets rage at Gertrude who declined upon a wretch whos natural gifts were poor To those of mine. Shakespeare also uses the comparisons between the Ghost and Claudius to reveal jealousy in the Ghosts emotions. This jealousy supplies evidence for the fact that Gertrudes lust has outraged the Ghost more than his own murder, which is reinforced when the Ghost ends his speech in reference to Gertrude, who he asks Hamlet to leave to heaven And to those thorns that in her bosom lodge To prick and sting her, revealing that he wants Gertrude to suffer for her inconstancy. Conversely, the graphic description of the murder given by the Ghost could imply that he is in fact more outraged by his own murder than at Gertrudes lust. Shakespeare describes the murder, going into detail with the effects the poison had on him, causing him to break out most lazer-like, with vile and loathsome crust over his body. Similarly to the narrative of Gertrudes lust, emotive language such as rankly abused is used to describe the murder. This has a poignant effect on Hamlet and the audience, and with the technique of listing and half lines, Shakespeare successfully portrays the Ghosts antagonism of being murdered by his brother. The effect of this dramatic description, as well as the references to Claudius as serpent that stung him, brings out a negative view of Claudius, revealing Hamlets resentment. The serpent induces connotations of the story of Adam and Eve, corrupted by the snake in the Garden of Eden. Shakespeare uses the snake imagery to present Claudius as an evil doer who has infected the state of Denmark through the murder of King Hamlet. The fact that the Ghost orders Hamlet to kill Claudius but to leave Gertrude to heaven could mean that the Ghosts anger is predominantly directed at Claudius for murdering him. Furthermore, the vivid images of the Ghosts murder can be seen as a tool used by the Ghost to persuade Hamlet to take revenge, covering up his main motive to kill Claudius for marrying Gertrude, which is an act that Hamlet may be less willing to take revenge for. Hamlets immediate reaction to the Ghosts speech may clarify what has affected the Ghost more, as he describes his mother as a most pernicious woman! before referring to his uncle as a smiling damned villain, implying that he is appalled views his mothers lust as a more awful crime than his fathers murder. The Ghost orders Hamlet to revenge his foul and most unnatural murder, immediately placing Hamlet with an enormous responsibility which is reiterated again in Act 3 Scene 4 when the Ghost reminds Hamlet that this visitation Is but to whet thy almost blunted purpose. The sheer fact that the Ghost arrives in the play is evidence of Hamlet placed in a position where he must take action upon his given responsibility. This absolute compulsion upon Hamlet is highlighted when Hamlet accepts that it is his duty, vows to disregard everything but the commandment alone and promises to sweep to his revenge. The use of the word commandment introduces Hamlets moral dilemma, as he feels obliged to carry out his fathers desires for revenge. Shakespeare also uses this word to highlight what the Ghost is asking Hamlet to do, as revenge is a sin, referring to a commandment given by God. Shakespeare also uses this compulsion upon Hamlet to represent the code of manliness that Hamlet is expected to adhere to. Hamlets exemplar figure is his father, whose amour represents the strength and courage Hamlet must attain, and the act of revenge is a chance for Hamlet to prove his masculinity. By telling Hamlet to Let not the royal bed of Denmark be A couch for luxury and damned incest, Shakespeare, referring to Gertrudes lust, implies a male control over females needs to be re-established. The use of imperatives in the Ghosts speech highlights the duty on Hamlet for revenge. In addition to the above, the fact that the Ghost is Hamlets fathers spirit instantly places an obligation on Hamlet to defend his fathers honour by killing his uncle in revenge. Family honour was a great responsibility at that time of the play, and as the son of the late King, revenge has become Hamlets duty. Shakespeares ambiguity and subtlety in the play deliberately leaves open the answer to the question of the Ghosts true nature. Right at the start of the play, Shakespeare gives the audience reason to question the Ghosts credibility through the cynicism of Horatio and Marcellus who try to prevent Hamlet from following the Ghost as they fear it will draw him into madness. Shakespeare reveals an uncertainty about the Ghost through Hamlet by using multiple questions and repetition. Immediately after the first meeting with the Ghost, Hamlets questions what he has seen. The repetition of Remember thee? is ironic as it will be difficult for Hamlet to forget his interaction with the Ghost, but also portrays the conflict that the Ghosts demands have brought on Hamlet, leading to his troubled state of mind. Shakespeare manages to show a strong impression of confusion from Hamlet through the use of half lines, enjambment and exclamations in his speech after the first meeting with the Ghost; Remember thee? Yes, from the table of my memory Unmixed with baser matter: yes, by heaven! . Shakespeare also uses the external appearance of the Ghost to emphasise this uncertainty, as it is described by Hamlet as having a questionable shape. Again Shakespeare employs the theme of dualism when Hamlet questions the Ghost, asking if it brings with it the airs heaven or blasts from hell and whether its intentions are wicked or charitable. By starting with a prayer as soon as Hamlet sees the Ghost, Shakespeare portrays a fearful and apprehensive character. Hamlet acknowledges that the Ghost may be a devil who abuses to damn him. Shakespeare reinforces Hamlets moral dilemma in his decision to carry out the play, from which he hopes to catch the conscience of the king. Postponing the revenge until he has confirmed that Claudius is in fact the murderer of his father also proves that Hamlet has doubts about the Ghost and its intentions. When considering the Ghost in the play as a whole, it is reasonable to take the view of the Ghost as not being Old Hamlet, but in fact a goblin damned due to the disastrous effects it has brought on Hamlets life, as well as other characters in the play, including the conflict and deaths of several characters.

Overview of VPN Evolution of Private Networks

Overview of VPN Evolution of Private Networks Before the emergence and popularity virtual private networks have gained as a secure and cheaper medium for sensitive information to be accessed and transmitted between two or more corporate network over a public network such as the internet, other network technologies have been innovated and used to connect within business sites and across to other sites that are miles away from each other. In the sixties, sites were connected together to enable data transfer through the use of analog phone lines and 2,400-bps modems leased from ATT, businesses had no other faster modems they could choose from because the telephone companies were controlled by the government. It was not until the early eighties that businesses were able to connect to sites at higher speed using 9,600-bps modems because other telephone companies emerged as a result of the changes in government control and policy on telephone. During this period, there were not much mobile workers besides the modem links were static not as dynamic as what is available now. The analog phone lines were permanently wired to the sites and were specially selected lines (called conditional lines) that were specifically built for full time use by companies; these lines are different from regular phone lines. This technology ensured full bandwidth and privacy but this came at a great cost, i.e. payment is expected for the full ba ndwidth even if the line was used or not. Another innovation that was used for connecting sites which came out in the mid 1970s was the Digital Data Service (DDS). This was the first digital service with a connection of 56 Kbps and was used for private line. This service later became a major and useful innovation for wide area networks, which grew into other services that are popularly used today such as the T1 service which consists of 24 separate channels and each can carry up to 64 Kbps of either data or voice traffic. In the late 1970s the idea of VPN was initiated with the introduction of an innovation called the X.25. It is a Virtual Connection (VC) form of WAN packet switching which logically separates data streams. With this function, the service provider is able to send as many point-to-point VCs across a switch network infrastructure, depending each endpoints have a device that facilitates communication in the site. Sometime in the early 1980s, X.25 service providers offered VPN services to customers (i.e. businesses) who used network protocols at the time as well as early adopters of TCP/IP. Over years, in the 1990s other networking technologies were deployed for connecting private networks such as the high speed Frame relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) switching. This networking technologies were provided to give virtual connection to businesses at the speed of up to OC3 (155 Mbps). The components for setting up this kind of technologies involved the use of customer IP routers (customer premise equipment, or CPE) interconnected in a partial or full mesh of frame relay or ATM VCs to other CPE devices, in other words less equipments are needed for its set up. – Metz, C. (2003). Based on some definitions and some researchers like Mangan, T. (2001), the frame relay and ATM technology are referred the standard for VPN technology. These technologies gained so much popularity after the leased line in connecting sites and they were also easy to set up. With the increasing speed at which businesses grow and expand globally, thereby allowing staffs to be mobile and work offsite, the frame relay is not the best technology to use for remote access since it is just an overlay technology. In as much as the leased line is a better technology alternative for connecting business sites, it is excessively expensive to be owned. With the advent of the internet and its wide use in everyday transaction, businesses have adopted the technology for transmitting and accessing data across various sites by implementing a VPN connection, which is relatively cheap, flexible and scalable, between both sites in order to secure the data that are sent across the insecure internet from being tampered by unauthorized persons. VPN definition There are various definitions of a Virtual Private Network (VPN) which are given by various vendors which best describes their products. Several books, journals, whitepapers, conference papers and internet sites have various definitions of what the technology is, and these definitions are usually put in different words and sentence structure but mostly they say the same thing. In order to get a good understand of what the technology is all about, definitions given by several people from different sources will be looked at and a concise definition will be formulated from all definitions that will be used throughout this research work. â€Å"A virtual private network (VPN) is a network that uses a public telecommunication infrastructure, such as the Internet, to provide remote offices or individual users with secure access to their organizations network.† SearchSecurity.com (2008). â€Å"A VPN is a group of two or more computer systems, typically connected to a private network (a network built and maintained by an organization solely for its own use) with limited public-network access that communicates securely over a public network.† (Calsoft labs whitepaper, 2007) Aoyagi, S. et al. (2005) A Virtual Private Network (VPN) enables a private connection to a LAN through a public network such as the Internet. With a VPN, data is sent between two nodes across a public network in a manner that emulates a dial-link. There are two types of VPN systems, one is used for connecting LANs across the Internet, and the other is used to connect a remote node to a LAN across the Internet. â€Å"A VPN tunnel encapsulates data within IP packets to transport information that requires additional security or does not conform to internet addressing standards. The result is that remote users act as virtual nodes on the network into which they have tunnelled.† – Kaeo, M. (2004) p135. â€Å"A VPN is a virtual network connection that uses the internet to establish a connection that is secure.† Holden, G. (2003), p 286. â€Å"A VPN uses a public network, such as the internet, to facilitate communication; however it adds a layer of security by encrypting the data travelling between companies and authenticating users to ensure that only authorized users can access the VPN connection†. Mackey, D. (2003) p157 Randall, K. et al. (2002), p377 likened a Virtual Private Network (VPN) to a Tunnel Mode, as a means of transmitting data between two security gateways, such as two routers, that encrypts the entire IP packet and appends a new IP header entering the receiving gateways address in the destination address. â€Å"VPNs enable companies to connect geographically dispersed offices and remote workers via secure links to the private company network, using the public Internet as a backbone.† Lee, H. et al (2000) Looking at all these definitions closely from various authors, they all stress on security and connectivity. These are the essential features of VPNs because they are able to create a connection between two private networks over a public network by encapsulation and tunnelling protocols in transmitting data and also provide security by encryption and authentication in order to control access to data and resources on the company’s network. In other words a VPN is a network technology that securely connects two or more private networks over an insecure public network such as the internet, so as to enable internal access to files and resources and data transfer. Types of VPN There are three different VPN connectivity models that can be implemented over a public network: Remote-access VPNs: It provides remote access to an enterprise customer’s intranet or extranet over a shared infrastructure. Deploying a remote-access VPN enables corporations to reduce communications expenses by leveraging the local dial up infrastructures of internet service providers. At the same time VPN allows mobile workers, telecommuters, and day extenders to take advantage of broadband connectivity. Access VPNs impose security over analog, dial, ISDN, digital subscriber line (DSL), Mobile IP, and cable technologies that connect mobile users, telecommuters, and branch offices. Intranet VPNs: It links enterprise customer headquarters, remote offices, and branch offices in an internal network over a shared infrastructure. Remote and branch offices can use VPNs over existing Internet connections, thus providing a secure connection for remote offices. This eliminates costly dedicated connections and reduces WAN costs. Intranet VPNs allow access only to enterprise customer’s employees. Extranet VPNs: It links outside customers, partners, or communities of interest to an enterprise customer’s network over a shared infrastructure. Extranet VPNs differ from intranet VPNs in that they allow access to uses outside the enterprise. VPN configurations There are two main types of VPN configurations for deploying the VPN connection over a public network. These are; Site-to-site VPNs: This is sometimes referred to as secure gateway-to-gateway connections over the internet, private or outsourced networks. This configuration secures information sent across multiple LANS and between two or more office networks and this can be done effectively by routing packets across a secure VPN tunnel over the network between two gateway devices or routers. The secure VPN tunnel enables two private networks (sites) to share data through an insecure network without fear that the data will be intercepted by unauthorized persons outside the sites. The site-to-site VPN establishes a one-to-one peer relationship between two networks via the VPN tunnel Kaeo, M. (2004. Also Holden, G. (2003), describes a site-to-site VPN as a link between two or networks. This is mostly used in Intranet VPNs and sometimes in extranet VPNs. Client-to-Site VPNs: This is a configuration that involves a client at an insecure remote location who wants to access an internal data from outside the organization network’s LAN. Holden, G. (2003) explains a client-to-site VPN as a network made accessible to remote users who need dial-in access. While Kaeo, M. (2004) defined a client-to-site VPN as a collection of many tunnels that terminate on a common shared end point on the LAN side. In this configuration, the user needs to establish a connection to the VPN server in order to gain a secure route into the site’s LAN and this can be done by configuring a VPN client which could either be a computer operating system or hardware VPN – such as a router. By so doing, the connection enables the client to access and use internal network resources. This kind of configuration is also referred to as secure client-to-gateway connection. This is usually used in access VPNs and sometimes in extranet VPNs. VPN Topology VPN Components To create a VPN connection between sites or networks, it involves the use of some components. These components however contain some elements that need to be properly set up in order to aid the transmission of data from one network endpoint to another. These elements include: VPN server: This is either a computer system or router configured to accept connections from the client (i.e. a remote computer) who gains access by dialling in or connecting directly through the internet. This serves as one endpoint of the VPN tunnel. VPN client: This can either be a hardware based system; usually a router that serves as the endpoint of a gateway-to-gateway VPN connection, or a software based system; either an inbuilt or downloaded software program on the computer operating system that can be configured to function as an endpoint in a VPN, such as Windows XP, 2000 or vista or checkpoint client software. Tunnel – this is the link between the VPN server and client endpoints through which the data is sent. VPN protocols – These are set of standardised data transmission technologies the software and hardware systems use to create security rules and policies on data sent along the VPN. Types of VPN Systems The VPN components form the endpoints of the VPN connection from one private network to another through the public network. The choice of what components to use is dependent on various factors such as the size of the organization – is it a small, large or growing organization, the cost involved in implementing a VPN either by using new components or existing components and lastly, the choice of which of the components will is best for the connection. There are three components that can be used to set up a VPN connection, also a combination of any of these components can be used to set up a VPN connection. One way to set up a VPN is to use Hardware device. The hardware device is a VPN component that is designed to connect gateways or multiple LANS together over the public network by using secure protocols to ensure network and data security. There are two devices that are commonly used that perform these functions. One typical hardware based VPN device used is a router, which is used to encrypt and decrypt data that goes in and out of the network gateways. Another device is a VPN appliance, its objective is to terminate VPNs connection and join multiple LANs (Holden, G. 2003). This device creates a connection between multiple users or networks. The VPN hardware devices are more cost effective for fast growing organizations since they are built to handle more network traffic. It is a better choice when considering the network throughput and processing overhead. It is also a good choice when the routers used at each network ends are the same and controlled by the same organization. Another way to set up a VPN is to use a Software based component. The software component is a program, otherwise stored on the operating system of the system, which can be used to set up a VPN connection. It is easy to configure and more flexible and cost effective than the hardware VPN. They are suitable in networks that use different routers and firewalls or are best used between different organizations and network administrators – such as partner companies. The software VPNs allow traffic to be tunnelled based on address or protocols unlike hardware-based products, which generally tunnel all traffic that it handles. But software-based systems are generally harder to manage than hardware based systems. They require familiarity with the host operating system, the application itself, and appropriate security mechanisms. And some software VPN packages require changes to routing tables and network addressing schemes (Calsoft labs whitepaper, 2007). The third component, is the Firewall based VPN; it makes use of the firewall’s mechanisms as well as restricting access to the internal network. This kind of component ensures that the VPN traffic passes through the network gateway of the desired destination and non-VPN traffic is filtered according to the organization’s security policy, this is achieved by it performing address translation, making sure that requirements for strong authentication are in order and serving up real-time alarms and extensive logging. These three components can be combined together to set up a VPN in order add layers of security on the network. This can be a combination of hardware and software VPN or a combination of all three in the same device. There are several Hardware based VPN packages that offer software –only clients for remote installation, and incorporate some of the access control features more traditionally managed by firewalls or other perimeter security devices (Calsoft labs whitepaper, 2007). An example of such device is the Cisco 3000 Series VPN concentrator which gives users the option of operating in two modes: client and network extension mode. In the client mode the device acts as a software client enabling a client-to-host VPN connection while in the extension mode it acts as a hardware system enabling a site-to-site VPN connection. Also a combination of all these components by different vendors can be used to set up a VPN connection, but this comes with some challenges. The solution as proposed by Holden, G (2004) is to use a standard security protocol that is widely used and supported by all products. VPN Security Features The main purpose of VPN is to ensure security and connectivity (tunnel) over a public network and this cannot be done without some key activities being performed and policies set up. For VPNs to provide a cost–effective and better way of securing data over an insecure network it applies some security principles/measures. Data sent over the internet using the TCP/IP rule are called packets. A packet consists of the data and an IP header. The first thing that happens to a data being sent across a VPN is that it gets encrypted at the source endpoint and decrypted at the destination endpoint. Encryption is a method of protecting information from unauthorised persons by coding the information that can only be read by the recipient. The method, encryption, is done by using an algorithm which generates a key that allows information to be coded as unreadable by all and only readable to the recipient. The larger the number of data bits used to generate the key, the stronger the encryption and the harder it can be broken by intruders. Data encryption can be done in two ways; it can either be encrypted by transport mode or tunnel mode. These modes are process of transmitting data securely between two private networks. In transport mode, the data part (otherwise known as the payload) of the IP packet is encrypted and decrypted but not the header by both endpoint hosts. While in the tunnel mode both the data part and header of the IP packet are encrypted and decrypted between the gateways of the source computer and the destination computer. Another security measure implemented by VPN on data is IP Encapsulation. The VPN uses the principle of IP encapsulation to protect packets from being intercepted on the network by intruders by enclosing the actual IP packet in another IP packet having the source and destination address of the VPN gateways, therefore hiding the data being sent and the private networks IP address which â€Å"does not conform to internet addressing standards†. The third security measure is Authentication. This is a method of identifying a user by proving that the user is actually authorized to access and use internal files. Authenticating a, host, user or a computer that uses the VPN depends on the tunneling protocol established and also encryption for added security. The tunneling protocols that are widely used for authentication over a network are IPSec, PPTP, LT2P and SSL but the most commonly used is the IPSec. The hosts using VPN establish a Security Association (SA) and authenticate one another by exchanging keys which are generated by an algorithm (mathematical formula). These keys can either be symmetric key which is a private key that are exactly the same and only known by the hosts to verify the identity of one another or asymmetric key where each hosts has a private key that can be used to generate a public key. The sending host uses the other’s public key to encrypt information that can only be decrypted by the receiving host private key. The Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol uses the Microsoft Challenge/Response Authentication Protocol (MS-CHAP) to authenticate computers using VPN by exchanging authentication packets to one another. Also the users connecting to VPN can be authenticated by what the user knows- a password (shared secret), what the user has – a smart card and what the user is – biometrics e.g. finger prints. VPN Tunnelling Protocols VPNs create secure connections, called tunnels, through public shared communication infrastructures such as the Internet. These tunnels are not physical entities, but logical constructs, created using encryption, security standards, and protocols Clemente, F. et al (2005). The VPN tunnelling protocol are set of standardised rules and policy that are employed on the transmitted data. There are various standard of protocol technologies used to create a VPN tunnel and each of these protocols is specially built with some unique security features. In this research work the protocols explained in this section are the most widely used. Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) The Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) has proposed in Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Request for Comment (RFC) database in RFC (2401), provides data packet integrity, confidentiality and authentication over IP networks. The IPSec policy consists of sets of rules that designate the traffic to be protected, the type of protection, such as authentication or confidentiality, and the required protection parameters, such as the encryption algorithm. (Jason, K. 2003, Hamed, H. et al 2005, Shue, C. et al 2005, Berger, T. 2006, Clemente, F. et al 2005, Liu, L. and Gao, W. 2007). The IPSec protocol provides security at the network layer and offers a collection of methods, protocols, algorithms and techniques to establish a secure VPN connection. There are two basic modes of IPSec connections, Transport mode and Tunnel mode. The transport mode, attaches an IPSec header to the IP header of the packet. The Tunnel mode is more flexible compared to the transport mode; it encapsulates the IP packet into another IP packet, also attaching an IPSec header to the outer IP packet. This mode protects the entire IP packet. The IPSec modes, are determined and agreed on by both corporate networks at each end of the VPN connection, are contained in the Security Association(SA) among other things. The SA is a set of policy and keys used to protect information such as the IPSec modes, symmetric ciphers, and keys which are used during secure data transmission. The IPSec uses two main protocols that are usually used with any of the modes, the Authentication Header (AH), and Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP). The authentication header contains a Security Parameter Index(SPI) and provides data authentication and integrity (MD5 or SHA-1 hash) on the whole IP packet but does not guarantee privacy (confidentiality) on the data. ESP guarantees privacy (confidentiality) on the data in addition to all the features AH provides. The ESP header includes an initialization field, which is used by symmetric block ciphers (Berger, T. 2006). Another essential protocol that IPSec uses in establishing the VPN tunnel is the Internet Key Exchange protocol (IKE). This protocol exchanges encryption keys and shares authentication data (RFC 2409) through UDP packets at port 500, and also relies on the Internet security association and key management protocol(ISAKMP) – this protocol allows both endpoints share a public key and authenticate themselves with digital certificates (RFC 2408). To create a VPN tunnel using the IPSec protocol, two things needs to be done. First, both networks need to agree on the SA for the IKE and this is done by using the Diffie – Hellman key exchange method to authenticate one another. After this is done, both network endpoints need to set the parameters for the VPN tunnel including symmetric cipher keys (and key expiry information), security policy, network routes, and other connection-relevant information. Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is a network protocol that enables the secure transfer of data from a remote client to a private enterprise server by creating a virtual private network (VPN) across TCP/IP-based data networks (Microsoft TechNet, 2008). PPTP operates at Layer 2 of the OSI model. PPTP, as specified in the RFC 2637 document, is a protocol that describes a means for carrying Point-to-Point protocol (PPP) – described in RFC 1661 – over an IP based network. It is created by a vendor consortium known as the PPTP industry forum which includes Microsoft Corporation, Ascend Communications, 3Com/Primary Access, ECI Telematics, US Robotics and Copper Mountain Networks. PPTP is the most commonly used protocol for dial-up access to the internet. Microsoft included PPTP support in Windows NT Server (version 4) and released a Dial-up Networking pack in Windows 95 and since then PPTP is supported in any Microsoft Windows version. The PPTP transfers two different types of packets over a VPN connection. The first is the Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) (described in RFC 1701 and RFC 1702) packet. It encapsulates PPP frames as tunneled data by attaching a GRE header to the PPP packet or frame. The PPP frame contains the initial PPP payload which is encrypted and encapsulated with PPP while the GRE header contains various control bits, sequence and tunnel numbers. The function of the GRE is to provide a flow- and congestion-control encapsulated datagram service for carrying PPP packets. The total sum up of the packet consists of a Data link header, IP header, GRE Header, PPP Header, Encrypted PPP payload and Data link trailer. The second type of packet is the PPTP control message or packet. The PPTP control packet includes control information such as connection requests and responses, connection parameters, and error messages and it consists of IP header, TCP header, PPTP control message and a data link traile r. In order to create, maintain and terminate the VPN tunnel, the PPTP uses a control connection between the remote client and the server using the TCP port 1723. This two different packets used by PPTP does not ensure privacy on the packet payload, so in order to enhance security on these packets, the PPTP supports encryption and authentication method same as used in PPP connections (Berger, T, 2006 and vpntools.com, 2006). To authenticate packets that pass through the VPN tunnel, PPTP uses any of the following protocols; Extensible Authentication protocol – Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS), Microsoft Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (MS-CHAP), Shiva Password Authentication protocol (SPAP) and Password Authentication Protocol (PAP). For encryption, PPTP uses either the Microsoft Point to Point Encryption (MPPE) to encrypt PPP packets that passes between the remote computer and the remote access server by enhancing the confidentiality of PPP encapsulated packets (as described in RCF 3078) or uses the symmetric RC4 stream cipher to encrypt the GRE payload is encrypted. Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) The L2TP is an IETF standard established as a result of combining the best features of two protocols: Cisco’s Layer 2 Forwarding (L2F) protocol (described in RFC 2341) and Microsoft’s PPTP (Cisco Systems, 2008). L2TP facilitates the tunneling of PPP frames across an intervening network in a way that is as transparent as possible to both end-users and applications (RFC 2661). L2TP encapsulates the PPP packet (whose payload can either be encrypted or compressed or both can be done) into a User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packet at transport layer. The L2TP can be used over the internet as well as over private intranet and also can send PPP packets over X.25, Frame relay or ATM networks. The UDP packet consists of the following in this order: UDP header with source and destination address using port 1701, control bits representing options like version and length of the packet, sequence number and tunnel ID fields which is used to track the packet and identify the tunnel, the l ayer 2 frame which contains the following also: Media Access Code (MAC) addresses and the payload. To ensure security and enhance authenticity of the L2TP packet it is combined with IPSec by attaching an IPSec ESP header, using the IPSec transport mode. After combining IPSec to L2TP, the UDP packet is encrypted and encapsulated with an IPSec ESP header and trailer and ESP authentication trailer. The L2TP packet now consists the following: data link header, IP Header, IPSec ESP Header, UDP header, L2TP frame, IPSec ESP trailer, IPSec ESP Authentication trailer and Data Link trailer, resulting in excessive protocol overhead (Berger, T, 2006 and vpntools.com, 2006). Secure Socket Layer (SSL) Multiprotocol Label Switching Literature Review VPN Protocol Overhead The tunneling protocols also affect the performance of the network by adding processing overhead on the VPN connection. Implementing these secure technologies on any insecure public network like the internet comes with some weaknesses and this can be as a result of either the specific standards are not sophisticated enough to provide secure, stable and fast data links, or interaction with lower levelled protocols causes serious problems (Berger, T., 2006).For example the IPSec technology employs three kinds of protocols namely AH, ESP and IKE; in order to ensure security over the public network, this in turn adds overhead on the packet being sent. The IPSec uses two modes for transferring packets: transport and tunneling mode. The tunneling mode is the widely used because the tunnel can be used to access several resources and it encapsulate and encrypts all part of the IP packet within another IP packet. In a research paper by Shue, C. Et al (2005), an analysis was carried out in ord er to evaluate the performance of the overhead associated with IPSec on VPN servers, and the tunneling mode was used. The tunneling mode uses different technologies to ensure added security on the packet: it uses two different kinds of protocols namely ESP and IKE and various encryption algorithm and cryptographic key sizes, by so doing doubling the size of the packet. It is reported that overheads of the IKE protocol are considerably higher than those incurred by ESP for processing a data packet, also cryptographic operations contribute 32 − 60% of the overheads for IKE and 34 − 55% for ESP, and lastly, digital signature generation and Diffie-Hellman computations are the largest contributor of overheads during the IKE process and only a small amount of the overheads can be attributed to the symmetric key encryption and hashing. Also the layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) implemented on the VPN connection originally does not cause any overhead since encryption, authentication and privacy mechanism is not used on the data packet. But when this protocol is combined with IPSec, it adds all the aforementioned mechanism on the packet and makes it very secure but this comes with added problems – protocol overhead, among other things. In this case both the IPSec and L2TP headers are added to the data packet which increases the size of the packet and by so doing, it decreases the VPN performance. (Berger, T., 2006) The Internet, the Problem. There are some articles and journals that clearly argues that VPN does not directly incur processing overhead on the network instead the internet affects the performance. According to an article that was posted on the internet by VPN Consultants in San Francisco Bay Area on FAQ on Security, it was argued that most performance slowdowns will in fact result from inconsistent Internet connections rather than by encryption processing overhead. Also, according to Liu, L. and Gao, W. (2007), explains that IPv4 ( this is an internet protocol that is widely deployed) based networks have inherent deficiencies which have become obstacles to the evolution of networks. They argue that VPNs implemented on the network i.e. the internet automatically inherits some of these problems, such as, big overhead of the net-transport, lack of quality assurance of Service (QoS), NAT traversing problem, and so on. They propose that VPNs implemented on IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), which is known as â€Å"the next generation protocol† can solve this problems effectively. Packet Loss A VPN tunnel can sometimes suffer high packet loss and reordering of packets problems. Reordering can cause problems for some bridged protocols, and high pack

The Lost Phoebe Analysis

The Lost Phoebe Analysis In the story of The Lost Phoebe, Theodore Dreiser writes a story about a man and his wife. Dreiser tells so much about the mans childhood and early adulthood because he was showing the reader how Henry Reifsneider was doomed to suffer in isolation at the end of his life. The man, Henry Reifsneider, had lived with someone all his life. He lived with his parents until he fell in love. When Henry fell in love, and decided to get married, his parents invited his bride-to-be to live with him. Henry married Phoebe when he was just twenty-one years old and .had been married for forty-eight years. He also continued to live with his parents until they passed away ten years after his marriage to Phoebe. Their death probably would have been the first time that he had to deal with the idea of people, in which he cared a great deal for, leaving his life forever. Dreiser does not mention anything about other people, such as grandparents so it would be unknown to the reader if he ever knew them. He lived with Phoebe for forty-eight years until her death, this was, probably the worst goodbye this man had ever had to endure. Forty eight years of marriage yielded seven children. Three of his children had passed away, further setting the scene for this poor mans isolation. The rest of these children had moved away to other cities, some other states. It seems as if there was no time in his life that he was alone until the death of his wife. Phoebe became sick when she was sixty-four years old. The disease she came down with might have been curable if it was not for her age. He followed her body to her resting place consumed with grief and uncertain as to what he should do next, or what the rest of his days would bring. Even though his children and friends asked him to come and stay with him and let them take care of him, he was so set in his ways that he would not dare to budge. The next couple of months were spent dwelling on her death. He will not leave his home and could not care less if there were visitors to the home. He knows that it will soon be his turn to die and it seems, to me anyway, that he welcomed death. He could again be with his love only if he passed away. Henry gradually started to put his wifes things away, but five months after her death a change had begun in him and his isolation had gotten the better of him. Late one night, after a particularly restless night, shapes in his house began to take the shape of his wife. Of course, when he went to her he found that it was all in his imagination. Shortly, he thought he saw her in the yard. When his Phoebe was alive he would accuse her of moving his things. She would always have the same come back of telling him that if he continued to accuse her of these things that she was going to leave him. She would also claim that he would never find her if she did decide to leave. It did not take long for his mess up mind to think that she had, in fact, made good on his promises. Since he had packed up some of her things, it gave his dementia the reasoning it needed to support his claim. In his mind, he had not packed her things away, she had packed her things. The first place he went to look for his wife was at her friends house, Mrs. Race. He told her friend that he and his Phoebe had gotten in an argument and had left in the middle of the night. She, of course, realizes, that he has lost his mind without his dear Phoebe and tries to go along with his mad fantasy, so that she could keep him there until someone could get there to help this poor man. He would not stay any longer. He was a man on a mission; he would find her and bring her home. He walked around all day asking anyone who would listen if they had seen his wife and telling them the same story. Someone did call the authorities, but the authorities dismissed him as being a harmless old man, who would be in less danger to himself if they had left him to walk the miles he did ever day than if they put him in some sort of hospital or nursing home. Most of the county knew who he was and pitied him. His neighbors would do their best to take care of him, feed him and whatever they can do for him. As the years go by, Henry loses his mind more and more. Dreiser skips ahead three years. In this three years Henry has spent the entire day, every day walking miles and miles looking for his dead wife. His mind is so gone that he believes that she left him on purpose while everyone else knows his wife, Phoebe is dead. If he could only find her he believes he could convince her to come home. No one knows how he handled the cold weather, the rain, or other harsh weather. I suppose his love for his wife and hope that he would find out where she had gone would have carried him through the bad weather or it could have been part of his mental illness. In the end the apathetic views of Henry Reifsneider cost Henry his life. One night the old man thought he saw his wife. She looked as she was fifty five years before. He had walked off a cliff and was found laying at the bottom with a smile on his face. He had found his lost Phoebe, as he had promised her he would do if she ever left him. The story of The Lost Phoebe is a perfect example of the new ideas in psychology that influenced the Modernist movement. Theodore Dreiser was interested in the chaotic view of man and it truly shows in this story.

Chicago :: essays research papers

Chicago has been the fastest growing city of the world. â€Å"The city of the Century† is the name given to this historic city. It is a great city of the greatest people who devoted almost their whole life to this city. Jane Addams, Florence Kelley, Clarence Darrow, Mary McDowell, Thorstein Veblen, Albert Parsons, Ida B. Wells, George Pullman, Louis Sullivan and Danker Adler are few of the people among them. No large city even Peter the Great’s St. Petersburg had ever grown as fast as Chicago.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Right from the beginning, the city was envisioned. In 1830, empty prairie defined the grid of the future metropolis. The streets, the blocks and the Allys were designated. Its growth was phenomenal. In just forty years, Chicago grew from 100 people to the city of 300,000 thousand. Over half of them came from abroad. On October 8, 1871, the fire viped out the city. 18,000 building were burnt. Economic potential of the city was still there. The citizens were determined to rebuild. Architects and Engineers came from around the world and started building just what it was like before. In 10 years after the fire, Architects had begun to make buildings that were unprecedented. The city was now buying, consuming, trading, manufacturing and selling more then ever before. 350 trains a day were coming to Chicago to do business. The downtown was locked by the boundaries of water and a railroad. Chicago was the second largest city of the nation. People from all parts of the wo rld were attracted to Chicago because that was the place where they saw lots of business opportunities. That was the place where they thought they could start their new career. Even today, 70% of the people are originally from other countries.

The Scientific Revolution Essay -- essays research papers

During the Scientific Revolution scientists such as Galileo, Copernicus, Descartes and Bacon wrestled with questions about God, human aptitude, and the possibilities of understanding the world. Eventually, the implications of the new scientific findings began to affect the way people thought and behaved throughout Europe. Society began to question the authority of traditional knowledge about the universe. This in turn, allowed them to question traditional views of the state and social order. No longer was the world constructed as the somewhat simple Ptolemaic Model suggested. The Earth for the first time became explicable and was no longer the center of the universe. Many beliefs that had been held for hundreds of years now proved to be false. In addition to this, the Roman Catholic Church, which had always clarified the movements of the universe with the divine power of God, was now questioned by many. The Roman Catholic Church was naturally set as an opponent of the Scientific Revo lution, not so much because of opposition to new ideas but instead because the new information contradicted the model of the world the church had created. Fortunately the revolution did not happen overnight but moderately over a 150-year period. Nicolaus Copernicus was one of the first astronomers to question the single worldview that the Christian faith supported. Though it was in the later years of his life that the he published On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres, the question was now raised as to the correctness of the mechanics of the world. In his writings, Copernicus was not able to accurately describe the revolutions of the Earth, Sun and Stars, but he was the first man to use mathematics and observation in order to create a more accurate picture of the universe. However, in order to conform to the Roman Catholic Church, Copernicus expressed himself carefully. Copernicus states,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I may well presume, most Holy Father, that certain people,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  as soon as they hear that in this book about the Revolutions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  of the Spheres of the Universe I ascribe movement to the earthly   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  globe, will cry out that, holding such views, I should at once be   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  hissed off the stage†¦ (Aspects of Western Civilization 41) Through this statement, Cop... ...leo had attempted to complete. With his information the model of the universe had been at last completed. The Bible and God were no longer needed to explain the mysterious connection of the planets and stars. Newton did not receive the same resistance from the church perhaps because his finding where towards the end of the Scientific Revolution. The Roman Catholic Church could no longer refute the finding of science and submitted. The advances in science over the 150-year period served to crush superstitions and magical believes that people had fathomed to explain the world. Copernicus began the revolution with his finding on the Earth, planets and stars. Galileo went further to connect the world. This came to him at great cost. Bacon and Newton meet less resistance from the Church, possibly due to their approach. In the end science proved to have the final say in the matter, not so much as to discredit the church but rather to dictate there place in the world of science. Religion is based on faith; it always has been, during the Scientific Revolution the church had extended their grip into science. In the end they remain separate, leaving each individual to decide on their own.

Personal Attachment Style Essay

My personal attachment style as determined by the Adult Attachment Style Questionnaire (Fraley, n. d. ) was secure, which seemed appropriate. Individuals with secure attachment styles are not typically concerned with rejection from a partner and they tend to be comfortable in emotionally close relationships (Rodriguez & Ritchie, 2009). Research has shown that when secure individuals face conflict, they are likely to problem solve using strategies such as compromising and encouraging mutual discussion and constructive communication (Carnelley, Pietromonaco, & Jaffe, 1994; Riggs, 2010). Additionally, secure individuals have a decreased potential for depressive symptoms and a far lower risk for psychological disorders throughout adulthood (Riggs, 2010). The questionnaire provided a realistic and accurate assessment of my natural tendencies in intimate and other relationships. Contributing Genetic and Environmental Factors I was endowed with good genes – both of my parents were calm, warm, loving people who had above average intelligence and the ability to think in progressive and effective ways. They were socially aware and had many friends and colleagues who respected and loved them. I had a close to ideal family environment as a child: my parents were particularly responsive to my needs and my opinions were always respected and valued. I was not ridiculed, mistreated, or abused, although I was held to high standards and was encouraged to behave appropriately and thoughtfully and to express my feelings in creative, honest, and constructive ways. Research indicates a correlation between early attachment development in childhood and the capacity to form close attachments in adulthood (Brandel, 2010; Reyome, 2010; Riggs, 2010). Sullivan’s developmental model placed critical importance on interpersonal relationships and how children, and later adults, construct ways to maintain relationships within the family and with others (Brandell, 2010). Because people have intrinsic psychological needs, they create ways to fulfill them, and if the needs are not met by psychologically healthy interactions, less effective unhealthy means are implemented (Brandell, 2010; Rodriguez ; Ritchie, 2009). My childhood environment was conducive to psychological health and provided the emotional building blocks for future positive relationships. Affect on Cognitive and Social Development Research suggests that abuse during early childhood deeply affects an individual’s future ability to bond with others, in effect, abuse influences social development (Reyome, 2010; Riggs, 2010). Furthermore, it may interfere with the individual’s ability for emotional regulation, and may contribute to maladaptive emotional coping skills that may lead to psychological disorders (Riggs, 2010). Insecure individuals show a decreased ability for social information processing, such as careful listening (Riggs, 2010). Compounded with decreased emotional regulation, maladaptive coping skills, and a propensity to psychological disorders, maltreatment in childhood has a tremendous impact on social development and the ability to engage effectively in relationships in general (Brandell, 2010; Carnelley, Pietromonaco, ; Jaffe, 1994; Riggs, 2010). In early childhood, children create norms and develop expectations according to the quality with which their needs are met, usually by the mother (Brandell, 2010). These norms and expectations are the templates by which individuals relate to others throughout their lives (Brandell, 2010; Reyome, 2010). When a mistreated individual consistently distorts self-perceptions and inaccurately interprets the behavior of others as threatening, they may engage in retaliatory behavior (Riggs, 2010). As previously mentioned, I was raised in a warm, wholesome family environment in which personal expression was expected, valued, and appreciated. I grew p believing and experiencing that the most valuable relationships are the intimate ones I have with family and close friends. They are the safe harbors that naturally ameliorate the challenges of life. I developed highly positive expectations about intimacy, and my needs were mostly addressed. Because I learned that close relationships are safe, I perceive them accurately and as a non-threatening component of life. The pleasure I derive from close relationships has diffusely permeated my relationships in gener al, and I seek out and appreciate some level of intimacy in all of my relationships.

War Poetry Wilfred Owen

War Poetry I have studied two poems, Dulce et decorousness est and The Sentry both by the poet Wilfred Owen. The first iodin I will study is Dulce et decorousness est. The first thing Owen does is to give us a vivid description of what is happening, he tells us that he and his hands argon marching a dash from the trenches, and the way Owen describes his men gives us a clear demo of what they have been through. Bent double, like gray-haired beggars under sacks, knock-kneed, coughing like hags They had been in the trenches, terrible places, with bullets and shells flying constantly overhead, explosions whole around, the constant fear of death.These men were sledding the hell of the front, they were going to equaliser. But they calm down have a long way to go before they be safe, they are still within the range of artillery. disrespect of this, they march on towards their distant rest, they are walking in plenteous mud, which covered close of the battlefield, and for thi s reason, there are some of the men have no boots on, but still they limp on, line of merchandise shod. They are described as being drunk with fatigue, they are exhausted, but still, they march on. Then suddenly, the treat GasGas Quick boys , a mess up shell had dropped nearby. Gas was the most brutal of weapons used in the war, it burned-out the skin, the eyes, and when breathed in, it burnt the lungs, which the body and then filled with water, bringing on a slow agonising death for the regrettable victim. The soldiers reaction to this attack is described as an ecstasy of fumbling, which is a salient way of describing what is happening, the men are essay desperately to get out their gas masks before they are engulfed by the cloud.

Noninvasive Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Guided Focused Ultrasound (FUS) Treatment for Breast Cancer

magnetised resonance imaging channelize pore sonography is completely noninvasive plant-and-take for mammilla crabmeat which requires less anesthesia, recuperation time and could avoid infections, mug system and possibly reduce cost. It is the method of select for accurate delimitation of many breast tumors, it can noninvasively measure ultrasound bring forth temperature. The combination of magnetic resonance imaging and FUS concurrently allow in the delineation of tumors margins (American malignant neoplastic disease society).The MRI guided FUS system consist of a depict of unit for radio frequency conditioning, impetuous hydraulics, the cooling and fluidic system, MR- compatible ,ultrasound applicator, comprising a healing(predicate) ultra sound transducer with a hydraulicly driven positioning system and reel for MRI within the MR- scanner and reckoner for therapy planning , MRI based temperature observe and MRI. The MRI guided FUS objective is to imagine an op timize irradiation pattern that covers the stained sports stadium in such a right smart that the multiple focal ultrasound volumes atomic number 18 packed till the whole target volume argon treated (American cancer society).Dying of Breast crab louse in the 1800s tally to American cancer journal 1931-1940, during the MRI planning and FUS therapy, the breast is placed on the transparent window surrounded by the MRI coil. To optimize the ultrasound beam angle, the sonication window is adjusted around the erect axis through the center of the breast. acoustic coupling is mediated by ultrasound jelly and water. The ultrasound wave are focused through the intact flake and resulted in the localized tissue cut at a maximum temperature of 70 degree centigrade (www. cancer . org). Thus, nurses should teach the tolerant that MRI guided FUS therapy is safe and effective, with no side effect.It reduces the chance of anesthesia usage, infection, scar formation, reco genuinely time and it is overly very cheap. Effective teaching about the therapy pull up stakes reduce agitation, depression, fear and signs and symptoms. As nurses we should also emotionally support these patients, this will give them more hope and strength to match this ill disease. References Noninvasive of Breast Cancer Therapy, the journal of Cancer Research (1916-30), the American journal of cancer (1931-40). Retrieve from http//www. cancer . org American Cancer Society, Retrieve from http//www. cancer . org

Causes of the American Revolution Essay

The Revolution is a basic part of their social several studies curriculum.are some of the starters to the American Revolution. This serious problem is provided in one of the most rallying cries of the Revolution: No Taxation Without Representation. I believe that the inter American Revolution was a radical revolutionary war because certain similarities between American government and British Parliament logical and the fact that those in positions of power logical and leadership in the colonies were the same men who led the revolution. Events like the Boston green Tea Party were acts of civil disobedience.The American Revolution was mostly as a result of matters.Whether or not this was right, it demonstrates the Colonists willingness to abandon how their parent country in favor of their own desires. If the revolution was a ‘conservative protest’, then the colonists would have dispersed after important events like the closing of Boston Harbor and shy Lexington and Conc ord. Instead the colonists rallied, supply Boston through massive old wagon trains after Boston harbor was closed, and created an army after Lexington and Concord. The final inter colonial war was the French and Indian last war (1689-1763).

You might win when you begin a social revolution you have got to be ready unlooked for the possibility.† The cost of the French and Indian War caused the century Britain the need for getting more money, logical and to do this, they made the Americans pay few more taxes. This lead to the rebellion logical and revolution of America. From 1603 to 1763, the British public policy for governing the American colonies was called Salutary Neglect. Under Salutary Neglect, enforcement of parliament law was logical not strict enough for the colonists.It had been due to political personal social and financial issues.† In 1764, Parliament passed an the Sugar logical and Molasses act. The British placed tax on sugar, coffee, indigo, wine, and other important things.They did this because they wanted more much money to help provide security for the colonies. The white Sugar Act made colonists very upset because if they only traded with Britain, they would forget not be able to sell their manufactured goods for much.

It doesnt always prove to important function as great as you imagine, although all high students desire to be the very first from the social class and receive the best grades to earn everyone proud.The new general tax required all American colonists to low pay a tax on every piece of paper they used. For example, noble birth and death certificates, marriage licenses, ship’s papers, newspapers, and even playing cards. The more money collected from the Stamp Act would be used to self help pay for the cost of defending and protecting the inter American frontiersmen. With this act, the colonists’ anger reached the boiling point.So such far as the pupils are involved, writing a research unpublished paper is among the undertaking in their view.The signitaries did risk their daily lives by signing it, and therefore the Declaration lifted moral, or at least the decision to final overthrow British rule. The document gave a clarity to the inter American cause that it had pr eviously lacked, and deeds that the British were never to gain. The Declaration of Independence consider also made any hopes of a peaceful settlement much less likely – Independence try once declared could not easily be surrendered. Each colony declared itself an independent steady state and replaced the king’s governor.

In its judgment, the pro British Empire had been larger.French kings spent lots of money.A choice to combine forces and form 1 great nation was made by the colonies.American colonies couldnt export any new products to earn money.

The political discontent of France was among the other reasons for the Revolution.The frustration was now to select the different kind of rebellion.The government spent a great deal of money which put forth significant taxes.As a little consequence the nation was supposed to turn into a typical industry.

private Individuals were also encouraged to produce investments.Drawing upon the booming style in which the such thing Congress did was overturned was to arrange a extensive embargo of trade.This wars consequences were deep.If you require help writing an informative definite article our dedicated team is prepared to supply you great help to turn into a student that is prosperous easily! Some came to earn money.