Promotion Case Study Essay

Mary Roberts had been with the company three years when she was promoted to manager of the tax department which was part of the controller’s division.Within four months she became a supervisor of ten staff accountants to fill a vacancy.Her superior believed her to be most qualified individual to fill the position. Many senior employees resent her that she so young to fill the position and what made them more upsets was the fact tax managers did not discuss the promotion. QUESTION: 1.What can Mary Roberts do about the resentful senior employees? Mary should tackle this head on she should be direct and assertive about her expectation and when people are crossing the line that means she need to be clear with people when their behavior doesn’t meet her standards and she need to be willing To set and enforce consequence if it doesn’t change 2. Can higher management do anything to help Roberts make the transitions to greater responsibility? Yes, because they are the one who put her in that position of course they will help Mary interms of guiding it `. 3. Will her lack of technical knowledge hinder Mary’s managerial effectiveness? No , because lacking on some aspects on technical knowledge cant bankrupt or destroy a company as long she have a guts to face and accepts failures 4. Should Mary’s superior have discussed the promotion with the senior employees before announcing it? No ,because its not their obligation to discuss it with the employee interms on promoting someone because higher management chooses who deserve and employees should accept it. 5. Could some of the resentment be based on the fact that Mary Roberts was a young woman? No ,because as long she love the job there is no resentment. 6. Should she have turned down the promotion to gain more technical experience? No ,because she is qualifiedfor the position ,not because many higher managers believed in her its because she had s leadership ability and commitment to her work 7. Can a person turn down such promotion without hindering her career in the company? Yes ,as long she is sincere to her decision not,because of the resentment of the senior personnel CASE STUDY NO.2 Leo Harris one of your fire insurance company he is meticulous and anything  coming out of his group is perfect.He always overworking,does not delegate authority and responsibility but rechecks in detail all the work turned out by his group. He keeps turning back to them careless and inaccurate work until it is perfect. QUESTION 1. What are some of the reasons why people do not delegate authority and responsibility? They are afraid that the work that they are working is a failure that they have to recheck and redo it again 2. What are Harris’ responsibilities as a supervisor? As a suoervisor Harri’s have the day to day responsibilities. He should watch or observe the employee performance to ensure that all activity are completed in accordance with spefication and deadline 3. Which can he delegate? Maintain supervisory control. Delegation is not the abandonment of tasks. As a leader, you are still ultimately responsible therefore time should be set aside to observe and meet with the subordinate for follow-through and review of the delegated areas. This follow-through will give you the opportunity to coach the subordinate in his new assigned tasks. Time spent with your subordinate will also provide you with the information to decide whether to intervene or to allow him to fail and learn from his mistakes. Be careful not to take a problem out of a subordinate’s hands and make a decision when he merely wants to discuss it with you. Let him take the wheeldo not make decisions that your subordinate could otherwise make for himself. 4. How should he go about delegating them? Select the task to be delegated and match it to the proper personDelegation is not the assignment of routine tasks to anyone who happens to be available. There is a need to assess strengths, weaknesses and previous experience of all available personnel and then match them with tasks that will utilize their strengths and experience. 5. What are some of the leadership characteristics that Harris lacks? When there’s a failure to communicate: When leaders are constantly flummoxed by those who don’t seem to get it, there exists both a leadership and communications problem. Show  me a leader with poor communication skills and I’ll show you someone who will be short-lived in their position. Great leaders can communicate effectively across mediums, constituencies, and environments. They are active listeners, fluid thinkers, and know when to dial it up, down, or off. It’s all about them: If a leader doesn’t understand the concept of â€Å"service above self† they will not engender the trust, confidence, and loyalty of those they lead. Any leader is only as good as his or her team’s desire to be led by them. An over abundance of ego, pride, and arrogance are not positive leadership traits. Real leaders take the blame and give the credit – not the other way around. Long story short; if a leader receives a vote of non-confidence from their subordinates 6. How can you go about developing them in him? Is to go out with your comfort zone try to communicate. CASE STUDY NO.3 The general manager has hired the services of a personnel administrator but has purposely not defined the newcomer’s role in the organization .As a line supervisor, have become involved in several arguments with this personnel administrator. You have mentioned this usurping of authority to your boss, the general manager, and have asked him to define the personnel job. The boss has answered that he is allowing QUESTION 1. Discuss the above situation from a line point of view  Specific job description should e disclosed to the line supervisor, Important since an administrator is hired there should already be a work that needs to be filled by the one hired. Even if the person is asked to find its own niche we still need to determine the role he applied and just modify it ,If additional work needs to be move. 2. Discuss the situation from a personnel administrator’s point of view. Still trying to identify what were the jobs that needs to be fulfilled by the administrator and his discovering what his boundaries are. 3. Develop a practical working relationship based on the principles of good organization. Know your position and modify what is still needs to be done based on the description trying to step out of the usual job description may have an impact on the role that needs to be performed by the rest of the team which is disorganization 4. It is desirable to allow  the personnel administrator to find his own niche in the organization? Yes , as long as he knows what his original role and just modify if the business needs

The Transactional Model of Communication: An Equation

They're both positively welcoming the communication, they're both consenting artisans in the communication, and making predictions on the appearance of the approaching communication, they've both got positive expectations of the outcome. The conversation begins with Person A saying, â€Å"Hello, I'm Aaron†. Person B replies, â€Å"HI, I'm Betray'. They both smile to each other, but Aaron loses eye contact and looks up and down quickly at Botany's figure. Betray predicts that Aaron is judging her outer appearance which could convey that Aaron may be Judgmental in general or a misogynist that doesn't respect her.These are variables. These, along with other rabbles, determine the outcome of the session of communication. The personality variables will be put into brackets [ suggesting the most likely possibilities of the individual. Within these personality variables, there is always the hidden variable within, leaving the possibility open for an unmentioned or less-likely person ality option such as mental Illness. This assumptive variable will be labeled as ((X)). A# [Judgmental? Misogynistic? Socially X)? ] B# [Femaleness? Overly-sensitive? Accurately Observant?The equation has changed because Betray is no longer positively viewing this communication, she costive outcome. [A#] Aaron doesn't detect that Betray is now uncomfortable, so he is still undoubted his positive outcome. Betray is no longer so positive after her first impression of Aaron. Betray asks Aaron half-heartedly about the quality of his day. Aaron, unaware of Betrays perception, answers cordially with: â€Å"My day has been pretty good, and yours? † Judging by Aaron's casual and cordial response, he conveys that he would most likely welcome a similar response.Betray does not meet Aaron's expectations and she replies by saying, â€Å"It was alright earlier, but then I went to get my hair done ND it went by really slow 'cause I didn't have any good magazines to read†. Aaron is u nimpressed and somewhat deflated after realizing that the woman that he may have predicted as ‘intelligent' has proven otherwise. By Betray breaking one of Aaron's implicit social rules of replying with courtesy and simplicity, he has now made predictions about Betrays personality.He considers that she may be immature, air-headed, or simply uninteresting, and of course the hidden possibility (X). Aaron makes the predictions about Betray, and he now has a negative view on the communication. Betray on the other hand simply appreciates the few seconds that Aaron listened and this new impression has made up for the previous one. Betray once again positively views the communication. A# Judgmental? Misogynistic? Narcissistic? And/or (X)] (Aaron's prediction) (Betrays prediction) B# [Feminist? Overly-sensitive? Accurately observant? Air-headed?Immature? And/or (X)] Based on the actions and reactions of Aaron and Betray, their predictions of the outcome may change constantly or not at all throughout the entire communication process. The actual outcome is only determined once the transactions and the sections of their communication has ceased. It's like playing musical chairs; the game doesn't stop until the music stops. If Aaron and Betray end on a mutually negative prediction of the outcome, they may part ways and never speak again, completely content with going on without communicating with each other again.If the communication ends with Aaron feeling negatively and Betray feeling positively, Aaron may be content with not communicating with Betray again, but Betray may feel inclined to want to communicate with Aaron again, and vice versa. Variables thin the individual's personality will also continue changing as more and more is revealed, hidden, discarded, or assumed within the relationship. The truths will be proven through the individual's actions while the false assumptions are discarded. For example: Aaron and Betray meet a second time.Aaron takes Betray to dinner; this act from Aaron leads Betray to discard the possibility of misogyny because his sensitive and courteous actions disprove it. Misogyny is no longer within the brackets, because it no longer seems plausible to for Aaron to be a misogynist. Aaron and Betray are seated at their table and the waiter asks what they'd like to drink. Aaron asks for a glass of water. Betray asks for a very particular brand of wine and then inquires about its aging and production process. Betray has unknowingly impressed Aaron, and Aaron discards the assumption that wine.Those assumptions are removed from her brackets. On this second encounter, they both disproved at least one negative assumption with their actions. Aaron no longer seems misogynistic and insensitive, and Betray no longer seems air-headed or immature. These new assumptions are subject to be supported or disproved at NY point within their relationship, and this will always be the case. These assumptive variables are forever subje ct to change until the perceptions and the actions of the individuals cease.Infinitely, every possibility that could change the outcome of this communicative transaction has the power to do so, but that doesn't mean that it will. (X) is a hidden variable in every form. (X) used in brackets is to imply the possibility of hidden, unmentioned, unconsidered, possibilities about a person. (X) used in the broad equation, such as below, would imply the hidden variable of situational possibilities. Other people Joining the transaction, interruptions, outside conflicts, etc. [A#] +- [B#] (+/-)(X) The situational possibilities are determined by the actual physical setting of the communicative transaction. The situational possibilities also have the power to be positive or negative forces in a communicative transfer, therefore altering the outcome, For example: If the situational variable (X) were a car wreck, this particular event would most likely (probability also depending on variables) cu rb the subject matter, physically interrupt, or completely terminate the communicative renovations between the two instantly.The two people would probably not continue talking about their previous topic if a collision had Just occurred. One or both of the individuals may run to give aid or to find help, the other may stand there like a buffoon while the other one helps, therefore bringing forth assumptions, discarding false assumptions, and effecting the perceptions of the other person (or people) and vice versa. The absolute outcome can only be achieved once everything is said and done, no more changes can be made to the relationship or the perceptions between he communicators, and so what is presented is accepted as evidence of truth.The outcome is reality, and reality is perception. (X) will always be a variable to everything since it is impossible to prove, disprove, or even identify every single probability, therefore leaving some (regardless of percent) room for inaccuracy. No thing is ever -absolute- in the eyes of a human being, so the (X) variable will forever present itself in everything that we perceive. The only absolute, is that there are no absolutes. -? The Transactional Model of Communication: An Equation—

Financial Distress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Distress - Essay Example The inevitable natures of factors which interplay and caused this financial turmoil on a global scale make business decisions difficult especially in areas of retrenchment. For a university which had been in operation for 164 years since its foundation in 1845, Cornell University is not exempt from the global financial crunch. As such, strategies and efforts are being evaluated to assess the possibility of retrenchment to ensure the very survival of the organization. It is in this regard that this essay is written to explain the circumstances of the financial distress and to outline an action plan where the principles of retrenchment would be implemented in order to restore equilibrium. In the year end statement written by the president of Cornell University, David J. Skorton on July 1, 2009, he identified the following effects of the global financial crisis in Cornell University, to wit: (1) a looming budget shortfall in one of its major colleges, Ithaca; (2) a 27% reduction in endowment (â€Å"reducing base budgets across the university; drawing down uncommitted fund balances; reducing endowment spending by 15 percent; implementing a construction pause, during which we reconsidered a number of proposed new projects, and decided not to pursue over $662 million in incremental capital expenditures; implementing an external hiring pause, which preserved opportunities for current Cornell employees who lost their jobs; and responsibly reducing our workforce†) and (3) a reduction in the cost of university administration in order to focus precious resources on core activities of teaching, learning, discovery, scholarship and outreach, among others. (Cornell Univer sity, University Statements, 2009) The university applies the following principles of retrenchment: (1) Selective Retrenchment Efforts where the university will use curtailment or reduction of selective activities, functions or

Global Marketing, Foreign Markets and Strategies for Successful Entry Assignment - 1

Global Marketing, Foreign Markets and Strategies for Successful Entry - Assignment Example When analyzed through GE Matrix, both Egypt and Russia presented markets that would be highly attractive given the medium strength of Bats Bank as a business unit. While Egypt is the holder of the proud legacy of a bygone glorious civilization, the present condition of the country is not that glorious and its main importance in world commerce and industry is in its guardianship of Suez Canal. But the positive aspect of the Egyptian economy is its stable agriculture and a large concentration of population along both sides of the Nile River that practically bisects the country. However, the high levels of public debt leave very little opportunity for Egyptian Government to invest large amounts in industry. Hence, the scope of other financiers entering the market is rather rosy. And, this is true irrespective of the current political turmoil that the nation is going through. Russia has finally been able to come out of the trauma of disintegration of the Soviet Union and its loss of global superpower status. The free market mechanism has gradually taken a firm grip on Russian economy right from the advent of Perestroika a decade and a half ago and the political and economic stability of the country presents a very attractive opportunity for doing business there. Also, there is a dearth of finance in the market and financial services companies could do very well to bridge this gap. Any company entering Russian markets must take extreme care not to violate the statutory requirements of doing business in that country as any violation of local laws usually leads to the exemplary penalty. Globalization has become the norm of today’s industry and commerce. Business entities are finding it imperative that in order to survive and prosper in this age of cutthroat competition; they must cross national boundaries and mark their presence in foreign markets (Kay 1995). Foreign markets, through a treasure trove of opportunities, also present many issues and problems that need to be solved in a novel manner as business environments in these foreign shores need not be identical to those prevailing in the mother country.

Power system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Power system - Essay Example Electrical energy is a vital element for the modern and all round improvement of any nation. Electrical energy is moderated at each venture at present Generation, Transmission, Distribution, and use of electrical vitality. The electrical utility industry is presumably the biggest and most perplexing industry on the planet and thus extremely unpredictable and testing issues to be taken care of by force designing especially, in outlining future force framework to convey expanding measures of electrical vitality. This calls for impeccable comprehension, examination, and choice making of the framework. This force framework operation and its control play an extremely essential errand in the realm of Electrical Power Engineering. This research paper will examine the techniques needed and additionally difficulties power systems experiences in the United Arab Emirates. This incorporates power quality, impacts of force quality, significant reason for force quality, steps to address power quality issues, power quality results and requirement for force framework administration. The populations in this study will be Arab dialect speakers in the middle of 17 to 30 of age in from four separate colleges and schools situated in Abu Dhabi. The study notwithstanding, will be uncovered in Abu Dhabi Mens school, Abu women’s school, Khalifa University and Zayed University. Notwithstanding, the populace will include a greater amount of Emirati learners with incorporation of Arab speakers with outside travel papers going to the foundations. An arbitrary sampling method will be utilized. Every tenth understudy students on the colleges and universities enrollment lists will be reached via mail. In the event that there is no reaction then the next student on the schedule will be reached automatically. An online survey will be revealed through the backing of participants with respect to the quality, difficulties and the impact power frameworks has over the nation

Conclusion Section of Thesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Conclusion Section of Thesis - Essay Example Over the past decade, use of addictive substances has infiltrated its way into the mainstream culture in certain countries. Younger people in particular seem to possess a skewed sense of safety about these substances, believing rather erroneously that they are safe and benign. Meanwhile, addictive substances are posing a serious threat to the health, social and economic fabric of families, communities, and countries. For many countries, the economic burden is relatively new, but growing quickly and unlikely to go away easily (Regidor, 2006). It is estimated that at least 20% of the American population suffers from some form of addiction. The total cost of addictive behaviors in terms of family disintegration, loss of labor productivity, illness, injury, and death reaches the staggering sum of $300 billions per year, making it one of the most serious socioeconomic problems facing society. Thus, prevention and treatment of drug addiction has been an important issue in the USA as well as worldwide for decades. While the individual patient, rather than his or her disease, is the appropriate focus of treatment for substance abuse, an understanding of the neurobiology of dependence and addiction can clarify the rationales for treatment methods and goals. Brain abnormalities resulting from chronic use of nicotine, stimulants (e.g., cocaine), opioids (e.g., morphine), cannabis (e.g., marijuana), alcohol, hallucinogens (e.g., phencyclidine), inhalants (e.g., toluene), and many other abused substances are underlying causes of dependence and addiction meaning intense substance craving and compulsive use. The abnormalities that produce addiction, however, are wide-ranging, complex, and long-lasting. They may involve an interaction of environmental effects, for example, stress, the social context of initial substance use, and psychological conditioning. Many factors, both individual and environmental, influence whether a particular person who

Manager's leading role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Manager's leading role - Essay Example Thee in-turn encompa more pecific dutie which will be dicued later. Manager Cae-tudy:Buine Name - Playtec Pty LtdName - Matthew tewartAge - 29Phone No - *******Poition Held - General ManagerBuine ize - mall (approximately 20-employee)Buine Decription - Playtec Pty Ltd i a manufacturer of indoor oftplay equiptment, ditributed nationwide and occaionally overea. A a General Manager of a mall buine, Matthew' management role conit of interdependent-factor coordinated into an organied 'ytem' to allow efficient allocation of reource through well-planned adminitration, complimenting D.A Holt definition of "defining organizational objective and then articulating trategie, tactic and objective that are neceary to achieve thee objective." (Holt,-1987,-p.793). Thee are divided into the three main egment of reponibility, collectively known a the Mintzberg' Management role. Under Interperonal management role, Matthew i een a a 'figurehead' in playtec, ometime being referred to a the "heart'n'oul" of the company. Although not the buine owner, the role of a leader i one he ha aumed, taking-on the reponibility of planning and providing future growth under one' 'umbrella' of reponibility for operation and employee. Taking a large amount of reponibility for buine function, a well a the peronal well-being of it' employee, Matthew ucceed in the "getting-it-done" part of the management proce. Manager do thi by motivating people to accomplih the tak through coaching and praie. They alo make key deciion that enable tak to be completed (Robbin, Coulter, 2003 pg256). Taking peronal reponibility not only for buine function and operation, but of the peronal well-being and of it' employee, ha allowed Matthew to take-advantage of the maller buine tructure to connect with hi "underling" on a peronal level, motivating them through friendhip and loyalty, not only bringing employee to work in a poitive manner toward the buinee-goal, but allowing "empowered group a full reponibility to develop a project plan and carry out the tak within the plan within contraint from the enior group. Thee contraint can only include iue uch a budget, ize, weight etc. (Dale, E., 1978)A a liaion, Matthew excel, addreing the entire workplace a well a employee individually on matter both relating to workplace performance, evaluation and peronal matter. He alo liaie efficiently between the upper-level, or organiation-level of the buine, to the factory-floor many time a day to enure buine goal meet at every level, a well a co-coordinating (with the buine owner) the companie netw ork of upplier. He i attentive and "controlling" of the proper and efficient method of manufacturing, and often take on the role of training new peronnel, enuring quality-control of the final product and maintenance of the current 'buine-model'. Thi alo prevent employee taking "artitic-libertie" by cutting corner and changing et practice, following the cientific-management model

Strategic Management and Marketing for the Luxury Goods Vivienne Assignment

Strategic Management and Marketing for the Luxury Goods Vivienne Westwood - Assignment Example In such context, Luxury Goods Company Vivienne Westwood has been selected sample organization in the paper and study will conduct marketing audit in order to help the sample organization to decide marketing strategy. McDonald and Wilson (2011) suggested that organizations should use both strategic and tactical marketing plan in order design marketing strategy. According to these scholars, strategic marketing includes situational analysis, customer segmentation, and macro environmental audit while tactical marketing plan includes implementation marketing strategies. The paper will follow the mentioned approach while doing marketing audit for Vivienne Westwood. Before going to the main discussion, the study will analyze the business situation and macro environment for Vivienne Westwood in order to create background for marketing audit. Situational Analysis There is no doubt that primary operational hub for Vivienne Westwood is UK and therefore the study will concentrate on macro enviro nmental parameters of UK which can influence business dimensions of Vivienne Westwood. ... ion in UK (British Fashion Council, 2012) The above diagram is showing the rise of luxury consumption expenditure in UK while the following diagram will depict the structure of designer and luxury fashion industry in UK. Figure 2: Industry Structure (British Fashion Council, 2012) It is evident from the diagram that retail luxury clothing and footwear are the primary revenue generating option for designers like Vivienne Westwood, Paul Smith, Burberry, Stella McCartney, Mulberry etc. In such context, PEST (Political, economic, social and technological) analysis can be done in order to understand macro environmental aspects of UK. Political Government of UK follows trade policy as directed in NATO or North Atlantic Treaty Organization. However, in recent years the UK government has taken steps as budget cuts (more than 20%) in entertainment, fashion and sports sector which negatively affected growth of fashion and designer merchandises manufacturing sector (British Fashion Council, 201 2). The government has also reduced corporate tax to 23% and such reduction would bound to increase operating margin for fashion retailers like Vivienne Westwood, Paul Smith, Burberry and others. Economic Spending capacity of people is being negatively affected by the trailing effect of Economic recession started in 2008 and Sovereign debt crisis. For example, the industry growth has been dipped by almost 0.2% in recent years (Marketline, 2012). However, British Fashion Council (2012) reported that economic slowdown might have increased cost of manufacturing for luxury retailers like Vivienne Westwood, Paul Smith, Burberry and others but it has hardly any impact on luxury consumption in UK. This divergence occurs due to the fact that generally affluent class purchases luxury products and

On-site water Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

On-site water - Assignment Example In context of developing and underdeveloped nations it is often seen that public supply of water is impaired by structural problems emerging within the social fabric. In order to rectify such malfunctioning in water distribution system that the governance of a host of public resources has been transferred to the hands of the private sector. The public resources transferred to private hands also stands for the transfer of water resources. Water Resources though are economic goods also have social values. In the light of changing environment and population growth water resources needs not only to be properly managed but also to be effectively organized for bettering up of life standards. (Ocal & Dogan, n.d.) To understand the problems arising from the mismanagement of water resources the paper tries to focus on water distribution and supply management in context of developing economies like India. The Indian economy has the potential to be an agrarian economy. In the last few decades the development of agriculture has helped to make India self sufficient in terms of food grains. The development of agriculture in the country can mostly be attributed to the development of irrigation activities. Public demand for water is not only restricted to agricultural activities. Rather, it is observed that the demand for water in non-agricultural framework is increasing rapidly. The water-laden regions of India can be categorized into 19 essential drainage basins, according to their per capita water supply. The demand for water also is seen varying by the side of these riverbeds. A statistics reveal that the valley of river Indus and Ganga share 48 percent of the total population of India. The water drawn from these sources is mainly used for agricultural purposes. (Amarasinghe, N.D., p. 6). It is in this light that the paper tends to highlight on points like the trends of water usage, demand for

Aspects of the Southern Colonies Essay Example for Free

Aspects of the Southern Colonies Essay Crops were important to the southern economy. Because they did so well farming, the southerners did not make many tools or household goods. They grew large crops of tobacco, corn, rice and wheat, which people wanted in England. In the 1600s, tobacco was very important. It was the most valuable export. The tobacco was put in barrels, shipped to England and sold. Most Maryland people grew tobacco on small farms. Sometimes, whole plantations depended on the tobacco crop. With money from tobacco, plantation owners could live a good life. The Southern Colonies primarily depended on cotton and tobacco plantations. As the plantations grew they had to employ black slaves. The plantations were fully self contained with their own blacksmith, teachers and professionals. So there were no big cities or towns. The Southern Colonies had a strict three class system: upper class rich plantation owners, middle class small plantation owners, lower class poor whites and a population of Negroes of no class. As can be seen socially all three sets of colonies were different. Yeoman farmers, who worked smaller tracts of land, sat in popular assemblies and found their way into political office. Their outspoken independence was a constant warning to the oligarchy of planters not to encroach too far upon the rights of free men. By the early 18th century, colonial legislatures held two significant powers: the right to vote on taxes and expenditures, and the right to initiate legislation rather than merely act on proposals of the governor. The legislatures used these rights to check the power of royal governors and to pass other measures to expand their power and influence. In time, the center of colonial administration shifted from London to the provincial capitals.

The importance and potential of job rotation

The importance and potential of job rotation Job rotation is the surest way of keeping the employee away complaint and daily routine. It is difficult for an employee to sustain his interest in the given job. Humans have the tendency that they want to earn profit from job rotation like learning and experience in different jobs in a specified period. In an organization, Job rotation has importance because it effects the performance of employees and also effects the profit of a company or organization. By job rotation employees developed himself a lot learn that how the task will complete or what is the parameter is required for the different jobs. A well planned job rotation programmed in an organization has immense potential of positive impact on job satisfaction, engagement of people and finally on retention of people. Few of the outcomes of job rotation with respect to the individual are: Job enrichment Overall development Intrinsic motivation to perform caused by newer challenges Career development Leadership development Aligning competencies with organizational requirements Lower attrition rates Performance improvement driven by unique view points of new people Organizational interest employee commitment, attrition rates, specific business issues etc. Eligibility of the employees qualification, prior experience, aptitude, competence etc. nature mandatory or voluntary Duration Basis of selection etc. In the absence of aspects brought out above, there is every possibility that the seriousness with which the job rotation scheme is implemented in the company may get diluted and become a cause of sagging employee motivation. Job rotations at different levels of management For job rotations at a slightly higher level, it is absolutely necessary that the business problems in various areas are identified. This calls for the active involvement of top management. Select most suitable people to be shifted from their current jobs to tackle the challenges at hand by considering individual attributes already described above. This will not only provide an insight for the future leaders in various aspects of the business but also will enhance their confidence levels as they solve these critical problems for the organization. Job rotation at junior and middle level executives may be pivoted around their strengths and attributes and the future roles expected of them. Focus must be on exposure in all related areas of his domain of expertise, so that as they grow to higher rungs of the management, they have an overall experience of their domain. Job rotations for workers must include aspects related to work environment, also along with other individual attributes already explained, so that it adds to his satisfaction derived from balanced distribution of work load, working conditions and learning opportunities. Done this way job rotation gets aligned with career development, leadership development and employee satisfaction which would finally result in higher levels of intrinsic motivation among the employees and hence may contribute in retaining talent Benefits of job rotation programs for learning, Motivation and Performance I) Business benefits and impacts 1.  Business results   effective systems improve business results especially in the areas of sales, product improvement and customer service. 2.  Increased productivity   because highly skilled innovators and top performers are placed in the right job, the productivity and effectiveness of these individuals will be multiplied driving and increase in the effectiveness of the overall workforce. 3.  Better business cycle fit   in larger organizations, some parts of the business are in different lifecycle stages (i.e. seed, start-up, established, expansion, decline, and exit). Proactive and targeted movement better ensures that an individual is placed in a business cycle where their skills and interests are a better fit. 4.  Increased innovation and idea generation   moving individuals into new situations provides them with an opportunity to view things as an outsider and to propose new approaches that insiders might not see. 5.  Best practice sharing   as more individuals rotate between business units, the likelihood that best practices will be shared rapidly increases. Increased internal movement can result in the cross fertilization of ideas between previously isolated business units. 6.  Increased agility and flexibility   having the capability of moving talent from areas of low return to areas of high-return increases organizational agility and the ability of management to shift resources as needs change. 7.  Better understanding and cooperation   by rotating individuals between disparate business units, individuals from both units can learn to better understand and appreciate the perspective of others. Increased movement helps to break down hierarchical silos and information and talent hoarding. For example, purchasing professionals can better understand the problems faced by the individuals that have to operate under purchasing guidelines if they occasionally rotated into those business units. 8.  Improved contacts and relationships   increasing internal movement allows individuals to build their contacts and to strengthen their relationship with individuals outside of the direct team. II) People-management related and HR related impacts 11.  More talent is available   because individuals are proactively selected and moved faster, there are more and better qualified individuals available to managers with sudden or new strategic needs, than when individuals self select themselves for movement. 12.  Improved employer brand image   in a tight economy, everyone is likely to be heavily focused on job security. If you provide and publicize your focus on inside hiring preferences, it will bolster the firms external brand image of offering long time employment security and a good place to work because you focus on the needs of your current employees. The increased security that you offer may also increase the retention rate of your current employees. Excellent internal movement programs are frequently praised by employees and the business press. If you have an excellent program, it will help you build your external image as an employer of choice and a best place to work. 13.  Allows for more entry level hiring   by filling most jobs internally through transfers or promotions you allow the firm to do to do almost all of its external hiring at the entry level. This is a good thing because entry-level jobs are cheaper to fill, have a larger candidate pool and give the firm more time to train and assess unknown external hires while they are in jobs where they can do less damage. 14.  Higher retention rates   rapid movement minimizes frustration and burnout. People working in their ideal job are unlikely to find a superior opportunity outside the firm. 15.  Leadership development   multiple on-the-job learning opportunities are likely to develop leaders faster and more effectively because the development assignments will include opportunities to lead more teams under a variety of circumstances. 16.  More promotional opportunities   more rapid development and more internal movement creates a greater number of new opportunities for employees to get promoted and move up. 17.  Increase motivation and excitement   not only is the individual more excited because they have a chance to grow but each permanent internal movement also provides an opportunity to back fill that position, further motivating others to strive for promotions and transfers. 18.  Increased learning   as individuals move more frequently not only will they gain more knowledge but they will also develop mechanisms for learning faster when they enter future situations. 19.  Increase technical skill development   moving between diverse projects provides an increased opportunity to develop current technical skills and to learn new skills. 23.  Decreased time to productivity   your current employees already know the culture, the company jargon and they already have a range of contacts. As a result, internal transfers and promotions can begin the job sooner because they dont need a great deal of orientation to get up to speed and they dont need to give notice before they begin learning and helping out. 24.  Lower job failure rate   because youre hiring individuals that already know the culture and you know their skill set and performance better than external candidates, the job failure and termination rate is generally lower with internal transfers. External hiring costs are significantly higher than the cost of internal transfers. 25.  Increase manager excitement   having different employees with their excitement and new ideas rotate in and out will serve to relieve boredom and help to excite your managers. 26.  More diverse ideas   by having more diverse employees moving in and out of your department, the team will gain diverse ideas, as well as learning how to better understand the value of having a diverse workforce. 27.  Decreased need for layoffs   having a large percentage of your workers that have a broad set of skills as a result of frequent movement means they are more capable of moving into new jobs or business units. This added capability and flexibility means that more workers can be transferred rather than laid-off from business units need to be reduced or shut down. 28.  Individual employee benefits   individual employees will also receive benefits from faster internal movement including more opportunities for development and learning as well as a faster overall career movement because they are proactively placed in the right job. 29.  Increase understanding between overhead in the line   the formerly isolated individuals that work in overhead functions will spend more time working in-line functions. As a result, there will likely be more cooperation and less bureaucracy emanating from overhead functions. 30.  Improving managers   with the increased number of rotations, and the feedback emanating from rotatees, it will be increasingly difficult to remain a hidden bad manager anywhere in the organization. Having more workers join the team might force managers to develop procedure manuals and templates so that new hires can get up to speed more quickly. 31.  A competitive advantage   intramovement programs are designed not in isolation, but instead to provide a competitive advantage over competitors. As a result, the initial design of the program and its periodic updates are designed to ensure that program is superior to what is offered at competitive. CONCLUSION After study the benefits importance of job rotation we can see that its a important process to develop the organization culture productivity of organization. It also helps for the development of employees in the organization or company. By this process employees learn about different jobs and improve the skills and knowledge about jobs. An organization can gain or profit after this program. Because this process developed the working skills and efficiency of the workers. So, job rotation is important for the all the organization. ARTICLES Best Practices for Bank Board Committees Nov 2008, the article is written by David Baris, Community Banker, and Washington. Most bank boards of directors need board committees. Even during these challenging times, there still remain bank boards that do not have committees. Additionally, just having board committees in place doesnt mean that they are functioning well or serving the best interests of the board. In the Guidebook to Effective Bank Board Committees, author Jack Milligan pointed to four critical elements for the successful operations of board committees that may also be considered best practices: 1. a clear, written charter outlining responsibilities, formats for reporting to the full board, composition, and rotation of membership, 2. clearly designated staff support from management, which minimizes confusion when requests are made for information and ensures that the board has the benefits of inside expertise, 3. assurance that all pertinent information is available in advance of committee meetings, and 4. adequ ate time to do the job. Planning for success Jun 3, 1997 in this article Teresa J Dean, Patrick Dalton, Bankers News, Washington says that To make the best use of a consultant, John Kreitler of law firm Shipman Goodwin offers ideas for a written contract, including: 1. Provide a clear description of the work with outcomes and responsibilities. 2. Have a clear schedule that will provide early warning signals of problems. 3. Establish procedures and criteria for what is an acceptable final product. The weekly rotation of jobs in the data processing and customer service sections has improved both morale and productivity at Marion State Bank. Advanced Automated Bank System Goes Live in Norway In March 1988, Fellesdata AS, an advanced, integrated, automatic banking system, went live in Norway. The NCR system includes a network of 16,000 terminals located at 850 savings bank locations. The bank customer benefits from lower service charges and more efficient service, while the banks benefit from better utilization of resources, more opportunities for job rotation, and an enhanced competitive edge. Services offered include: 1. payment of travel fares, 2. hotel and restaurant payments, 3. toll booth payments, 4. business terminals offering banking and other functions, 5. issuance of bank cards, and 6. network management. The banks will offer fully automated services, such as: 1. Minibanks installed at central points in the community, 2. payment of fuel and associated goods, 3. electronic funds transfer at the point of sale (EFTPOS) terminals for payment of goods and services, and 4. a synthetic voice system. With the system, bank employees can provide all services from one wor kstation. The system includes transaction handling of deposits and withdrawals, loans, and credits. Stress Management Training in the Banking Profession Mirabile, Richard J. said that Stress exists when the demands of a situation outweigh the available resources, thereby requiring adaptation or readjustment. A seminar was conducted to provide stress management training to a group of banking professionals in a medium-sized, Midwestern bank. The premise was to identify the primary sources of stress within the profession and to develop a set of strategies designed to deal with each stressor identified. A pre-session questionnaire asked respondents to list what they felt to be the primary obstacles to successful job performance. The stressors listed were placed in 4 groups depending upon their frequency. The most frequent stressor was customer demands/contact. The 2nd phase of the seminar involved addressing specific stressors by suggesting possible methods for effectively managing that stressor. Relaxation techniques were presented to participants to supplement the verbal content of the stress management concept. Small Bank Computer Systems-The Practicalities of Control Tarwater, Joan. In the small computer systems of many banks, traditional electronic data processing (EDP) controls are lacking because either there is no clear separation of duties or resources are limited. This necessitates more active involvement within the top levels of bank management in understanding the capabilities and limits of the data processing function. This involvement represents the best alternative to the formal, traditional controls that may be absent. The computer environments, the audit, the separation of duties represent 3 critical areas where alternative controls need to be developed. Security measures, such as no smoking in the computer room may be amended, for example, to allow smoking in certain areas of the room. Audit duties may be divided between the controller and his secretary and an annual external audit may be instituted. Alternative controls to separation of duties may include job rotation, or increased top-level management in the daily operations of th e data processing function. Rx for Worn-Out Bank Managers Deeney, Jack. American Bankers Association. ABA Banking Journal Deeney, Jack. For companies with increasing numbers of middle- and senior-level managers who do not seem to care anymore, executive rehabilitation should be considered. People are an organizations most valuable resource. A large portion of worn-out managers are the result of technological bypass. Middle- and senior-level managers do not automatically progress through the stages involved in implementing new technologies. They become overwhelmed and confused when they are left behind. Top management must be committed to the rejuvenation of its managers, who need to feel they are important and that they have an opportunity to grow and advance. The managerial personality needs both feedback and challenge. Programs should be directed toward the retention of key executives and the remotivation of marginal performers. The best methods for accomplishing these objectives include: 1. outside training, 2. importing outside experts, 3. apprenticeship with a senior-level manager, 4. restructuring responsibility, 5. job rotation, and 6. multi-level review Floor discussion of Labor Market Responses to a Change in Economic System, by Flanagan . The World HYPERLINK http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?RQT=318pmid=13775TS=1272465813clientId=129893VInst=PRODVName=PQDVType=PQDBankHYPERLINK http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?RQT=318pmid=13775TS=1272465813clientId=129893VInst=PRODVName=PQDVType=PQD Research Observer. In a discussion of Flanagans article, Labor Market Responses to a Change in Economic System, the question was raised as to why unemployment is so high in Central and Eastern Europe and so much lower in the countries of the former Soviet Union, where wages seem to have taken the brunt of adjustment. According to Richard Layard, wage flexibility exists in countries of the former Soviet Union because the workers position relative to management is weak, which has lead to more job rotation than in other countries. Layard mentioned a wage subsidy for downsizing, that is, to limit cyclical employment. Based on US experience with subsidies targeted to particular groups of workers, Flanagan was not convinced that paying the subsidy to the employer gets around the problem, because for some problems the employers choose not to use the subsidy. Flanagan realizes that it was an item of faith in the active labor market community that targeting increases efficiency, but there is at least some evide nce from US targeted wage subsidy programs that targeting may facilitate adverse signaling. The trader: The bulls charge into cyclical stocks, tech shares rally smartly and utilities go begging Bary, Andrew. Barrons. New York, The panic that sent the Dow Jones Industrial Average plunging 171 points a week ago Friday lifted by the following Monday morning, enabling the stock market to regain at least the appearance of its old health. Nearly all the Dows gains came Monday when the average surged 110 points, its 3rd-largest point rise ever. That rapid recovery only reinforced the view among many investors that selloffs are no longer the dreaded events of old but are to be welcomed as a buying opportunity in a great bull market. Out of portfolios went drug companies and makers of household products, along with banks and utilities, and in their place came a host of cyclical industries, including chemicals, aluminum, autos, retailers and technology. DuPont rose 5 1/8 to 81 1/4, while Caterpillar advanced 4 3/4 to 72, and Sears Roebuck added 4 1/4 to 50 1/8. IBM gained 5 5/8 to 119 7/8. The Dows biggest looser was Merck, down 2 1/4 to 62 1/8. Training employees of a public Iranian bank on emotional intelligence competencies Mina Dadehbeigi, Melika Shirmohammadi. Journal of European Industrial Training. The purpose of this paper is to examine the possibility of developing emotional intelligence (EI) as conceptualized in Boyatzis et al.s competency model. Design/methodology/approach Designing a context-based EI training program, the study utilized a sample of 68 fully-employed members of five branches of a public bank in Iran; each branch underwent an eight-week (each session 120 minutes) EI training program. Pre- and post-tests were conducted to assess EI development using emotional competence inventory (ECI-2), a 360-degree measurement tool. Findings Only one EI cluster out of four improved significantly and only some of the specific dimensions showed this significant improvement, while others did not have a clear change and even some self assessments deteriorated. Research limitations/implications Lack of a control group, small sample size, and short training program are the main limitations of this study. Practical implications Detailed explanation of the method could be a g uide for service organizations that wish to improve EI. Originality/value Because of the lack of empirical studies in this field of research, the paper reports the results of a pre-/post study on EI training and development and sets out to add to this narrow literature. 10. BUSINESS LINE: India: MAs seem a reality among public sector banks Businessline. Chennai: Nov 19, 2000 After a successful three-year stint at the helm of the Punjab and Sind Bank (PSB), which turned around sustainably, Mr. Surinder Singh Kohli took over as Chairman and Managing Director (CMD) of the Punjab National Bank (PNB) in April. A mechanical engineer from the Benares Hindu University, Mr. Kohli is also Chairman of the Indian Banks Association (IBA) and the acting Chairman and Managing Director of the Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI). In a candid interview with Business Line, Mr. Kohli discussed the various issues affecting the banking industry. VRS is not the only method to improve productivity. It is one measure to right-size banks and may increase productivity. Besides the VRS, it is necessary to augment HRD activities, including job rotation, changes in the performance appraisal system and provide incentives that would improve the motivation of bank employees. In the PNB, the VRS is open from November 1-30, and action on the VRS requests will be taken there after. Overall, more emphasis has to be placed on training. We have 10 training centres, a Regional Staff College at Panchukula and an apex college at Delhi. Two more regional training centres are coming up at Thane in Mumbai, and in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. They will bolster the banks existing training capacity. The annual expenditure on training is about Rs 10 crore. Measures such as performance appraisals, career- path and succession planning and the introduction of non-monetary incentives to the staff are being initiated to augment HRD activities. REFRENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_rotation http://www.alagse.com/hr/hr9.php http://www.citehr.com/1205-eight-points-you-need-consider-about-job-rotation.html http://www.allbusiness.com/services/educational-services/4286266-1.html http://www.docstoc.com/docs/24775105/JOB-ROTATION-AND-TRANSFER/ http://hrmba.blogspot.com/2009/11/job-rotation-and-transfer.html

Essay --

Amy Herrera Instructor Ram Athavale ACA 090 16 December 2013 Zoology: A Career Goal Why is Zoology a career goal I would like to pursue? Why not go for a career as a doctor, or a lawyer? Well ever since I was a child I have enjoyed being around animals. I have always found them interesting. Interesting in the sense of how they react to certain things or how they behave in their nature habitat. When animals are injured they need people to help them out. It is like a fifty-fifty percent chance the animal will make it out alive if the injury is severe. That is how some animals become endangered or maybe even instinct. Ever since I was in middle and high school I have always had in mind that I would study to become a Veterinarian; helping and healing dogs and cats. However that was a past dream of mine; I changed that dream to become a Zoologist. I want to become a Zoologist because I enjoy learning about wild life animals; finding them more interesting compared to the original pets at home. The thing I love the most about these two careers is that they both help anim als, domestic and undomesticated. To become a Zoologist I need to fully understand what Zoology is, how I would get my career started also making sure there will be no bumps on the road, and finally being successful. What exactly is Zoology? Zoology is a branch in biology that deals with animals and animal life. Zoologist studies the behaviors of the animals as well as their habitats. For example they would go out in the wild life searching the animal, once found they would observe from a far distance and take notes of what the animal is doing or how the animal reacts to certain things. I compare Zoology with being a doctor. There are many different types of doctors... ... of success is doing what you love the most in life; either in career or in a hobby. For me it would have to be the love of animals and photography. I have wanted to become a Veterinarian but then changed it to become a Zoologist. I think that Zoology is more interesting and exciting; being able to be so close up with a wild animal, an animal that you would never thought about being so close to. To get that career goal train started I will go to community college then transfer to North Carolina State University. Having to overcome my two challenges of financial and academics; overcoming financial by applying for financial aid, grants, and student loans. Overcoming my academics by studying more often, having study groups, attend tutoring, and quizzing me with flash cards. Overall I think this career goal of mine will be a success; only if I overcome my challenges.

Impact of Telephone on Society Essay -- Essays Papers

Impact of Telephone on Society Many inventions revolutionized society and one example is the telephone, which was introduced to society in 1876. The inventor, Alexander Graham Bell developed this idea and the telephone made him famous because communication would never be the same after the development of the telephone. The telephone made an incredible impact on society. The impact could be seen through the quickness of communication, business, easier communication in wars, and some negative effects too. Although the telephone became a necessity of daily life, it was at first neglected by the public. People thought the telephone was a fake and a mere toy. Although the telephone was a powerful innovation, nobody took it seriously. Perhaps these people were ignorant because they did not realize the capabilities of the telephone. The reason for this skepticism was the revolutionary idea of communicating through a telephone, "So devastatingly new, so revolutionary, was this innovation of Bell's that a self-satisfied world wasted a good deal of time ridiculing the telephone and its inventor."1 This idea lasted for a few years, but then the public's view began to change. People started to see the significance of the telephone and what it can accomplish. Now with the help of the telephone, individuals communicated in a much quicker fashion. Once this became evident, it greatly enhanced the use of the telephone. After further development of the telephone, society recognized its ability to allow one to contact another person at any time any place with confidence that the call would be completed. The less time it took to communicate was a big draw for society because messages could be sent instantly. This invention allowed for such... ... Bibliography Baldner, Joshua G. "The Telephone and Expansion." n.pag. Online. Available: http://www.beloit.edu/~amerdem/students/baldner.html, Feb. 24, 1999. Brooks, John. Telephone: The First Hundred Years. New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1975. Eby, Chuck. "Western Electric #20B Desk Phone." n.pag. Online. Available: http://www.cyber-comm.net/~chuck/we20b.html, Mar. 31, 1999. - - - . "Western Electric #202 Desk Phone." n.pag. Online: Available: http://www.cyber-comm.net/~chuck/we202.html, Mar. 31, 1999. Farley, Tom. "Telephone History Part 3-1921 to 1984." n.pag. Online. Available: http://privateline.com/TelephoneHistory3/History3.html, Feb. 24, 1999. Pound, Arthur. The Telephone Idea. New York: Greenberg, Publisher, 1926. "Welcome to the World of Ocean West." n.pag. Online. Available: http://ocean-west.com/contactus.html, Mar. 31, 1999.

Doc Edgerton :: essays research papers

Able to photograph a bullet in flight, Harold Eugene â€Å"Doc† Edgerton was born in April 6,1903 in Fremont, Nebraska. Harold Edgerton studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where from 1926 to 1931 he (and his associates) developed the modern stroboscope. Edgerton applied his discovery of the modern stroboscope to a wide range of fields. His discovery aided under-water photography and sonar research, photography in nature, and motion pictures. He taught thousands of students at MIT, and he enjoyed every minute of teaching.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edgerton enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a graduate student, but he remained there for approximately 60 years. At MIT, Doc Edgerton was a professor of electrical engineering. As a graduate student at MIT, Edgerton developed an electric strobe light with which he produced flashes of 1/500,000 second. When the flash is used in a series, the progressive stages of an object in motion can be recorded on the same piece of film. An example of this would be Tennis by Edgerton. Now, flashes are at the speed of a few billionths of a second, this would not have been possible without the work of Doc Edgerton.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The simplest kind of stroboscope is a revolving disk with usually one slit or hole, but sometimes more, in its periphery. These holes enable the observer to view the object. The revolutions of the disc can be synchronized, with the motion of the object. With the precise synchronization, even photographs of bullets in flight can be taken. The photographs are like contemporary motion picture frames.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not only was the discovery of the modern high-speed stroboscope useful in photography, but also in the field of engineering. The stroboscope could be used to study wear, vibration, and distortion of moving parts while the parts of the machine are being used (the machine is running).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edgerton was also involved in ocean research. He took a few photographic journeys with his good friend Jacques Cousteau. Cousteau gave Edgerton the nickname â€Å"Papa Flash.† Jacques Cousteau, at celebration for the life of Edgerton, said; â€Å"He (Edgerton) was the only human being I ever met that met life with as much enthusiasm†¦He was a perpetual dreamer.

Video game

The rise of personal computers in the mid 1980s spurred interest in computer games. This caused a crash in home Video game market. Interest in Video games was rekindled when a number of different companies developed hardware consoles that provided graphics superior to the capabilities of computer games. By 1990, the Nintendo Entertainment System dominated the product category. Sega surpassed Nintendo when it introduced its Genesis System. By 1993, Sega commanded almost 60 per cent of Video game market and was one of the most recognized brand names among the children. Sega’s success was short lived. In 1995, Saturn (a division of General Motors) launched a new 32-bit system. The product was a miserable failure for a number of reasons. Sega was the primary software developer for Saturn and it did not support efforts by outside game developers to design compatible games. In addition, Sega’s games were often delivered quite late to retailers. Finally, the price of the Saturn system was greater than other comparable game consoles. This situation of Saturn’s misstep benefited Nintendo and Sony greatly. Sony’s Play Station was unveiled in 1994 and was available in 70 million homes worldwide by the end of 1999. Its â€Å"Open design† encouraged the efforts of o utside developers, resulting in almost 3,000 different games that were compatible with the PlayStation. It too featured 32-bit graphics that appealed to older audience. As a result, at one time, more than 30 per cent of PlayStation owners were over 30 years old. Nintendo 64 was introduced in 1996 and had eye-popping 64-bit graphics and entered in more than 28 million homes by 1999. Its primary users were between the age of 6 and 13 as a result of Nintendo’s efforts to limit the amount of violent and adult-oriented material featured on games that can be played on its systems. Because the company exercised considerable control over software development, Nintendo 64 had only one-tenth the number of compatible games as Sony’s PlayStation did. By 1999, Sony had captured 56 per cent of the video game market, followed by Nintendo with 42 per cent. Sega’s share had fallen to a low of 1%. Hence, Sega had two options, either to concede defeat or introduce an innovative video machine that would bring in huge sales. And Sega had to do so before either Nintendo or Sony could bring their next-generation console to market. The Sega Dreamcast arrived in stores in September 1999 with an initial price tag of $199. Anxious gamers placed 300,000 advance orders, and initial sales were quite encouraging. A total of 1. 5 million Dreamcast machines were bought within the first four months, and initial reviews were positive. The 128-bit system was capable of generating 3-D visuals, and 40 different games were available within three months of Dream cast’s introduction. By the end of the year, Sega had captured a market share to 15 per cent. But the Dreamcast could not sustain its momentum. Although its game capabilities were impressive, the system did not deliver all the functionality Sega had promised. A 56K modem (which used a home phone line) and a Web browser were meant to allow access to the Internet so that gamers could play each other online, surf the Web, and visit the Dreamcast Network for product information and playing tips. Unfortunately, these features either were not immediately available or were disappointing in their execution. Sega was not the only one in having the strategy of adding functionality beyond games. Sony and Nintendo followed the same approach for their machines introduced in 1999. Both Nintendo’s Neptune and Sony’s PlayStation 2 (PS2) were built on a DVD platform and featured a 128-bit processor. Analysts applauded the move to DVD because it is less expensive to produce and allows more storage than CDs. It also gives buyers the ability to use the machine as CD music player and DVD movie player. As Sony marketing director commented, â€Å"The full entertainment offering from Pl ay Station 2 definitely appeals to a much broader audience. I have friends in their 30s who bought it not only because it’s a gaming system for their kids, but also a DVD for them. † In addition, PlayStation 2 is able to play games developed for its earlier model that was CD-based. This gives the PS2 an enormous advantage in the number of compatible game titles that were immediately available to gamers. Further enhancing the PS2’s appeal is its high-speed modem and allows the user’s easy access to the Internet through digital cable as well as over telephone lines. This gives Sony the ability to distribute movies, music, and games directly to PS2 consoles. We are positioning this as an all-round entertainment player,† commented Ken Kutaragi, the head of Sony Computer Entertainment. However, some prospective customers were put off by the console’s initial price of $360. Shortly after the introduction of Neptune, Nintendo changed its strategies and announced the impending release of its newest game console, The GameCube. However, unlike the Neptune, the GameCube would not run on a DVD platform and also would not initially offer any online capabilities. It would be more attractively priced at $199. A marketing vice president for Nintendo explained the company’s change in direction, â€Å"We are the only com petitor whose business is video games. We want to create the best gaming system. † Nintendo also made the GameCube friendly for outside developers and started adding games that included sports titles to attract an older audience. Best known for its extra ordinary successes with games aimed at the younger set, such as Donkey Kong, Super Mario Bros, and Pokemon, Nintendo sought to attract older users, especially because the average video game player is 28. Youthful Nintendo users were particularly pleased to hear that they could use their handheld Game Boy Advance systems as controllers for the GameCube. Nintendo scrambled to ensure there would be an adequate supply of Game Cubes on the date in November 2001, when they were scheduled to be available to customers. It also budgeted $450 million to market its new product, as it anticipated stiff competition during the holiday shopping season. With more than 20 million PlayStation 2 sold worldwide, the GameCube as a new entry in the video game market would make the battle for market share even more intense. For almost a decade, the video game industry had only Sega, Nintendo, and Sony; just three players. Because of strong brand loyalty and high product development costs, newcomers faced a daunting task in entering this race and being competitive. In November 2001, Microsoft began selling its new Xbox, just three days before the GameCube made its debut. Some observers felt the Xbox was aimed to rival PlayStation 2, which has similar functions that rival Microsoft’s Web TV system and even some lower level PCs. Like the Sony’s PlayStation 2, Xbox was also built using a DVD platform, but it used an Intel processor in its construction. This open design allowed Microsoft to develop the Xbox in just two years, and gave developers the option of using standard PC tool for creating compatible games. In addition, Microsoft also sought the advice of successful game developers and even incorporated some of their feedback into the design of the console and its controllers. As a result of developers’ efforts, Microsoft had about 20 games ready when the Xbox became available. By contrast, the GameCube had only eight games available. Microsoft online strategy was another feature that differentiated of the Xbox from the GameCube. Whereas Nintendo had no immediate plans for Web-based play, the Xbox came equipped with an Ethernet port for broadband access to Internet. Microsoft also announced its own Web-based network on which gamers can come together for online head-to head play and for organised online matches and tournaments. Subscribers to this service were to pay a small monthly fee and must have high-speed access to the Internet. This is a potential drawback considering that a very low percentage of households world over currently have broadband connections. By contrast Sony promoted an open network, which allows software developers to manage their own games, including associated fees charged to users. However, interested players must purchase a network adapter for an additional $39. 99. Although game companies are not keen on the prospect of submitting to the control of a Microsoft-controlled network, it would require a significant investment for them to manage their own service on the Sony-based network. Initially the price of Microsoft’s X box was $299. Prior to the introduction of Xbox, in a competitive move Sony dropped the price of the PlayStation 2 to $299. Nintendo’s GameCube already enjoyed a significant price advantage, as it was selling for $100 less than either Microsoft or Sony products. Gamers eagerly snapped up the new consoles and made 2001 the best year ever for video game sales. For the first time, consumers spent $9. 4 billion on video game equipment, which was more than they did at the box office. By the end of 2001 holiday season, 6. million PlayStation 2 consoles had been sold in North America alone, followed by 1. 5 million Xbox units and 1. 2 million Game Cubes. What ensued was an all out price war. This started when Sony decided to put even more pressure on the Microsoft’s Xbox by cutting the PlayStation 2 price to $199. Microsoft quickly matched that price. Wanting to maintain its low-price status, Nintendo in turn responded by reducing the price of its the GameCube by $50, to $149. By mid 2002, Microsoft Xbox had sold between 3. 5 and 4 million units worldwide. However, Nintendo had surpassed Xbox sales by selling 4. million Game Cubes. Sony had the benefit of healthy head start, and had shipped 32 million PlayStation 2s. However, seven years after the introduction of original PlayStation, it was being sold in retail outlets for a mere $49. It had a significant lead in terms of numbers of units in homes around the world with a 43 per cent share. Nintendo 64 was second with 30 per cent, followed by Sony PlayStation 2 with 14 per cent. The Xbox and GameCube each claimed about 3 per cent of the market, with Sega Dreamcast comprising the last and least market share of 4. 7 per cent. Sega, once an industry leader, announced in 2001 that it had decided to stop producing the Dreamcast and other video game hardware components. The company said it would develop games for its competitors’ consoles. Thus Sega slashed the price of the Dreamcast to just $99 in an effort to liquidate its piled up inventory of more than 2 million units and immediately began developing 11 new games for the Xbox, four for PlayStation 2, and three for Nintendo’s Game Boy Advance. As the prices of video game consoles have dropped, consoles and games have become the equivalent of razors and blades. This means the consoles generate little if any profit, but the games are a highly profitable proposition. The profit margins on games are highly attractive, affected to some degree by whether the content is developed by the console maker (such as Sony) or by an independent game publisher (such as Electronic Arts). Thus, the competition to develop appealing, or perhaps even addictive, games may be even more intense than the battle among players to produce the best console. In particular, Nintendo, Sony, and Microsoft want games that are exclusive to their own systems. With that in mind, they not only rely on large in-house staffs that design games but they also pay added fees to independent publishers for exclusive rights to new games. The sales of video games in 2001 rose to 43 per cent, compared to just 4 per cent increase for computer-based games. But computer game players are believed to be a loyal bunch, as they see many advantages in playing games on their computers rather than consoles. For one thing, they have a big advantage of having access to a mouse and a keyboard that allow them to play far more sophisticated games. In addition, they have been utilizing the Internet for years to receive game updates and modifications and to play each other over the Web. Sony and Microsoft are intent on capturing a portion of the online gaming opportunity. Even Nintendo has decided to make available a modem that will allow GameCube users to play online. As prices continue to fall and technology becomes increasingly more sophisticated, it remains to be seen whether these three companies can keep their names on the industry’s list of â€Å"hig h scorers†.

Negative Effect of Devolution

Negative effects: The implementation of the local government in 1992 provided the impetus for local government units to assume greater roles and responsibilities in bringing about socio-economic development for their respective constituents. This is in view of the devolution in the provision of basic services such as health, social welfare, socialized housing, agricultural extension, tourism development, among others, from the national to local governments. The devolution of health services of the Department of Health (DOH) to the local government units was consonance with the national goals. The national vision signals the initial step for local communities as well as an opportunity for local government units to manage their respective health services in the most effective and efficient manner. Considering these meritorious objectives to attain the national vision, the devolution process also posed problems for the DOH and the local government units, particularly on the inadequate financial resources to undertake vigorous health service delivery programs. In Cotabato City, the constraint of insufficient budgetary resources was only one of the problems faced by the local government in the provision of effective and efficient ranged from the geographic location of its barangays, economic status of its population, inadequate health manpower and facilities, and pre-LGC (Local Government Code) situation. The location of the barangays and economic status of the population. People of various ethnic origins (T’boili, B’laan, Tagabili, Ubo and Tasaday) coming from as far as Aparri to Tawi-tawi populate the city of Cotabato. Majority of its population is composed of the Maguindanaoan tribe and people from the Visayan regions. Cotabato, as a participant in the Integrated Community Health Services Project (ICHSP) was included in the Local Health Accounts pilot phase as one of six provinces where local financial data was collected. About 60 percent of the population is composed of marginal farmers and fisherfolks, seasonal job workers, unskilled labourer and jobless individuals. Those belonging to this group live within the poverty threshold level as they earn an average gross family income of php6,000 and below per month. The remaining 40 percent accounts for the middle and high-income groups. This implies that majority of the people living in Cotabato are poor and disadvantaged and, therefore, most wanting of health and other basic services from the government. Accessibility and Transportation Constraints. The city’s geographical feature makes delivery of health services a major challenge to the local government. Brooks. Rivulets and creeks of various sizes criss-cross and traverse the city in all directions. Eight barangays can only be reached by water transportation. Three other barangays are not easily accessible by public transportation. Before it’s special project on health and sanitation, the city has been providing health care at the Main Health Center and eleven satellite stations. However, people in remote areas cannot avail of these services because of transportation difficulties. Inadequate Financial and Budgetary Resources. The Office of Health Services (OHS) had very limited financial resources. Its regular budget was just ssufficient to cover personal services and maintenance and operating expenses. Inadequate Health Manpower and Facilities. Due to financial constraint the OHS could not put up additional health facilities and employ much needed additional health personnel. Prior to its special project on health and sanitation, the city has only 11 health stations regularly manned by midwives. In terms of manpower, the OHS had only 39 regular personnel. These consisted of 4 doctors, 6 nurses, 11 midwives, 1 dentist, 1 medical technologist, 8 sanitary inspectors and 8 non-technical and administrative personnel. Such health facilities and manpower have been inadequate to cover the entire household in the city Adverse Pre-implementation Health Station. Until 1993, major health statistics and conditions indicate the need to give more focus in the delivery of basic preventivehealth servies to the constituent of Cotabato City, particularly to the disadvantaged groups living in the remote barangays. Based on the National Statistics Coordination Boards (NSCB) data for 1990, the city’s infant mortality rate was 44. 0 per 1,000 live births while maternal mortality rate was 182. 8 per 100,000 livebirths.

Fields Which Contributed to the Growth and Development of Psychology Essay

Psychology and Anthropology Anthropology is the study of Humankind and Psychology is the study of human mind. So there is an obvious connection between the two fields. Anthropologists study the past and present of humans to understand the complexity of cultures across the human history. It is evident that this field has contributed to what psychology is today. Early findings reveal that there was a hollow in the skulls they have found in the Stone Age. Psychologists believe that this was the first methods used by our ancestors to treat those who were possessed by evil spirits. They thought that the spirit was in the head and therefore made a hole in the skull, so that the spirit could go away. Surprisingly this may seem to have worked back in time. The findings on different cultures by anthropologists has greatly aided psychologists adjust themselves when dealing with individuals with different cultural backgrounds as well as multicultural groups Psychology and Biology Biology is the field that study living organisms. The most important study of biology that has affected psychology in a great deal is the study of human brain. Brain plays an important role in our sensation and perception. It is the mediator that controls our responses to the stimuli and it’s impossible to study the sensory processing without knowing the function of the brain. Also, the finding of the localization of ructions in the brain has helped psychologists to categorize the disorders and improve the treatments. Secondly, genetics plays a major role in Psychology too. In the study of personality, we must consider both genetic and social learning experience to get a good understanding. Studying one alone would not lead to a full explanation. We do even have a separate branch in modern psychology related to biology. These biological psychologists study the relationship between the physiological bases and behavior. Psychology and Evolution Evolution is the change in inherited characteristics of population over generations. It is in fact an interesting field to study in relation to Psychology. Charles Darwin in his theory proposed how new species are created and how existing species changes to adapt to the current environment. The human evolution suggests that humans have changed not only physically but also behaviorally. It is surprising to see the long way man has come since then. This does not necessarily take ages. Just think about whom you was when you were a 12 year old and look at a 12 year old today. You will be amazed at how they have changes in a few years time. And when you think way back, how did man who had no language initially are multi lingual now? Psychologists are keen to find out answers to these questions. How did man acquire languages, how was it developed, how men did started creating relationships with each other, with animals etc†¦ Answering these questions has lead psychology grow as a file d, day by day to where it is now. Learning differences, adapting to differences, both behaviorally and psychologically was what we learnt from evolution. Natural selection, Sexual selection and adaptation are important principles that have contributed to the field of psychology. Natural selection talks about the survival of the fittest. Species that have stronger adaptations skills tend to pass on these genes to the next generation and has better chances of survival whereas Sexual selection talks about the principles of attraction. Adaptation in the other hand explains why certain behaviors exist and also the Ultimate proximate causes of such behavior. These adaptations increase fitness. For example, a pregnant mothers show aversion to toxic food during their pregnancy. This is an adaptation to protect the fetus. Psychology and Medicine Development in the field of medicine has indeed aided Psychology in its journey up to date. Finding of various new medication techniques had caused implementation of effective treatment techniques with patients. Even if psychologists do not prescribe medicine, medication indeed helps. For an example, you cannot start psychotherapy on a severely depressed client. Medication is used to bring down the severity and then only the psychotherapy begins. And especially for disorder like schizophrenia, OCD, etc., medication has become a must. And it is proven that it needs medication and psychotherapy combined with social skills training works best for most psychological disorders. Psychology and Buddhism Psychology ahs some of its roots embedded in Buddhism too. Meditation techniques Buddhists use are used in some areas of Psychology. Further when you look at Psychological schools live Existentialism and Humanistic perspective we can see a lot of touches added by Buddhism. The famous existentialist Yalom, talks about four principles death, freedom, isolation and meaninglessness. And when studying his theory you come across a lot of Buddhist principles he has used in developing the theory. Also in the fairly new treatment technique MBCT, which is used mainly to treat relapse prevention in depression, and it also has got Buddhists’ principles embedded in it. Concept of Metacognitive Awareness is one example that directly relates with Buddhism. Even though if psychology has come far as a science, there is still a lot of philosophical influence on the subject throughout its branches which has nourished the field to what it is today. Psychology and Education The advancements of the education process in deed had been an enormous support to the development and growth of the psychology field. There is even a separate branch dedicated as Educational Psychology where psychologists study on new changes and additions to the learning curriculum, infrastructure, special needs etc. to make the learning teaching experience more efficient and effective. Also there is a branch naming School psychology that works within the educational system to help children with personal, social and academic issues. These developments as well as the advancements to education itself, has made the field of psychology vast. In early days there were a very minimal number of psychologists working in the field and it was field most of the people couldn’t even understand. But thanks to education, now we have millions of students learning psychology from high schools and collaged and many psychologists working towards the growth of the field.

Crash Character Analysis

The movie Crash is about a wide variety of people of different races in Los Angeles, California and how they all interweave with each other. In the movie Crash there are many characters that begin to change their ways throughout the movie. One person in the movie that has changed the most is the character Sandra Bullock plays her name is Jean Cabot.The reason being why she has changed is because one night after having dinner, her and husband Rick Cabot are car jacked at gunpoint by two black men in a prestigious and wealthy environment of California. From this experience she is emotionally scarred and stereotypes every race that is not in front of her face. In one scene of the movie, the Cabot’s are getting new locks in their home after they were hijacked. The man who is changing the locks on the door is a Hispanic male who is stereotyped by Jean because of his shaved head, pants around his bottom, and his tattoos. Jean insists to Rick that as soon as the locksmith leaves that he will sell the keys to his â€Å"gang banger† friends right as he leaves.The man overheard Janet and leaves the keys in front of her. Janet felt remorse for the words she had said about the locksmith because of her false accusations. In many other scenes of the movie Janet is seen verbally abusing her Hispanic maid Maria. In one scene of the movie, Maria came late to work due to driving her son to school. Janet comes downstairs into the kitchen and finds that Maria did not empty out the dishwasher of all the clean dishes from the night before. Janet lashes out on Maria every chance she gets and eventually fires her.During the end of the movie, Janet Cabot has a realization of her behavior and actions towards anyone who is not the same color as her. One scene of the movie Janet is seen talking on the phone with her friend of ten years about daily events and ends the conversation. After the conversation has ended, Janet falls down the stairs and can’t move. Janet call ed her friend of ten years to come help but she said that she was to busy getting a massage and would not be able to come. In desperation Janet called Maria who came right away to help. In an epiphany, Janet realizes that her maid that she verbally abused everyday was her best friend. She then realizes what is actually wrong and it is mot because of her car being stolen it is because  she is just angry all the time.

Pavane Should consider one of the most important dance in China Essay

Pavane Should consider one of the most important dance in China - Essay Example Though fast and moderately fast songs originally accompanied it, the dance can also be used for slow songs (Brown 1). The songs are based on the performance skills of the dancer. Through the attire adopted in the dance, it appears unique and very interesting. In demonstrating the importance of the pavane dance, a broad perspective on the dance will be considered as well as Yang Liping’s dance will be analyzed. It is therefore important that pavane dance should be given much importance in the dance department in China. Pavane is a dance that provides an intergenerational connection. Based on its history, the dance has a very important historical and cultural importance. Used by the French and Italy, it was adopted by the entire Europe and later spread across the world. China through its award-winning artists such as Yang Liping have presented this form of dance in their various presentations. In the historical context, the dance involved backward and forward movements in steps. The dancers would also sway side by side, as they raised their feet in a systematic manner. In addition, the dancers were in pairs as opposed to the current scenario where there can be a single dancer (Brown 5). This dance provides a very good basis of understanding the European culture since it basically relates closely to their ceremonies such as weddings. Yang Liping presents the dance in a spectacular way that makes attractive and worth considering in the Chinese Dance department. The dance is presented in a slow-motion manner with systematic body steps being made by Liping (You Tube 1). In addition, she uses only particular body parts in the dance as an expression of its composition. The dance goes very well with a slow song. Liping is able to capture the attention of the viewers since the steps and body movements made cannot be easily predicted. The dance is quite entertaining based on the use of diverse movements in the dance. On the other hand, her

Leadership style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Leadership style - Essay Example Transformational leadership occurs when the leader broadens and elevates the followers’ interest and stirs the followers to look beyond their own interest for the good of others (Shermerhorn & Hunt & Osborn, 2003. p. 301). President Obama could be considered a transformational leader. Four characteristics of transformational leaders are idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individual consideration (Thompson, 2009). In my workplace I have seen how managers have applied different leadership styles in order to motivate employees to achieve higher levels of performance. Different managers within the organization used alternate leadership styles. The company’s general manager is a very outgoing person whose actions inspire the entire staff. His leader style could be categorized as being a transformational leader. One of my supervisors only cares about the operating results. On the few instances this supervisor has spoken to me it has been to provide criticism and exaggerate things. Despite her lack of personality the supervisor gets the job done. Her leadership style can be classified as a transactional leader. Transactional leaders involve leader-follower exchanges necessary for achieving routine performance agreed upon among the leaders and the followers (Schermerhorn, et. al., 2003, p. 301). After a corporate restructuring a few years ago at my workplace the managers wanted to changed the corporate culture. The executives believed that applying a new leadership style was a good initiative that would help deal implement change. The leadership chosen was House’s path-goal theory. The used of this leadership theory requires for the leader to adjust his / her behavior to support situational contingencies. There are four types of leadership that can be applied with the use of House path-goal. The four types of leaderships are directive, supportive, achievement-oriented,

Form a short story base on this conversation Essay

Form a short story base on this conversation - Essay Example He said it was just to see how the fields were coming along, but they both knew it was because she enjoyed the tractor rides. But a few months ago Uncle Vern hadn’t woken her up when he left on foot to check the fields. When she asked him about it he replied, â€Å"Oh I thought you might be getting too big for tractor rides.† Not only that, they had stopped asking about her homework. Aunt Marie always knew when report cards came out too, but this time she hadn’t asked to see it. A week later when Annelise was starting to wonder if she had truly become invisible she asked her Aunt Marie if something was wrong, because she hadn’t asked to see her report card. All she said was, â€Å"Well honey, you’re almost eighteen, you are responsible for your own grades.† Now she had begun to worry, The Eighteenth Birthday, the birthday when everything changes was here. Would she be kicked out of her home and expected to fend for herself? Was she no longer wanted now that she was â€Å"older?† As she walked down the stairs she pushed those thoughts aside and tried her hardest to smell coffee cake. Nothing. She saw her Aunt and Uncle reading the paper and drinking coffee. They looked up and said â€Å"happy birthday,† but then went back to reading. She made a bowl of cereal and stared at the Cheerios floating around in the milk. She began to wonder if things would have been different if her parents had lived. If the car crash had never happened would she be happier or in worse circumstances. Aunt Marie looked up from the paper. â€Å"Is something wrong Annelise?† â€Å"Well,† Annelise began, she knew an explanation was necessary, â€Å"it has kind of seemed like since I’ve been getting older the little things that I used to expect no longer happen.† All of the little things that had changed poured out of her at once, and her fears about what would happen after today tumbled out as well. When everything was out

(GC Instrument Experiment) Determination of Ethanol Concentration in Lab Report - 1

(GC Instrument Experiment) Determination of Ethanol Concentration in Biological Fluids using Gas Chromatography - Lab Report Example the way it is been publicized by media and entertainment industry to this group of audience increases peer pressure and they end up consuming alcohol and drugs to a level that can be extremely dangerous for their health (Strasburger, 2010). The program aims to provide information about the disadvantages associated with consumption of alcohol and drugs. Although schools, parents and governments are trying to get the children as well as the adolescents to say no to drugs, there drugs and alcohol worth $25 billion are present in the market which are influencing them to say yes. This program aims to make the clients understand that the movies and television programs are using and promoting way too much substance use; however it is based on consumer’s own will power to not let them affect it. The program also aims to provide counseling to clients who are addicted to this unhealthy and destructive habit. We will be targeting the teenagers and adolescence ranging from the age of 12 to 18. This program will be launched in Washington DC only. The reason behind selecting this age group is because they easily get influence by anything that they find attractive, including drugs. The people belonging to this age group make the highest part of the television audience. This is the main reason why most of the television shows, movies and advertisements and made to target this age group. These teenagers form the age group that easily gets influenced by the drug and alcohol use being promoted by the media. Therefore it is important to target this age group and stop the use and abuse of alcohol and drugs among them. The purpose of this promotion is to increase the awareness of the program by different means and influence more and more suffering teenagers to come to us for counseling. The program is being funded by some non-profit organization and will therefore be free of cost. Another reason behind the promotion of this program is to collect funds and charities for spending on

Written statement about educational psychology (Human Development) Personal

Written about educational psychology (Human Development) - Personal Statement Example My interest in human psychology and educational background make me a suitable candidate to get admission in the University of Colorado’s master degree program. I believe that a master degree in this field will definitely help me achieve my personal and professional goals. One main reason for applying in this program is related to my professional life. I want to establish my career in the field of educational psychology, and that is only possible if I get an opportunity to get a master degree from a prestigious university. University of Colorado is known for its highly qualified faculty not only in field of educational psychology (human development) but also in all other courses being offered by the university. It is due to the well-experienced faculty of the University of Colorado, that I have taken my decision to do masters from this great university. I want to complete my education under the guidance of well-experienced faculty of the University of Colorado, as it will help me become a professional in the field of educational psychology. After completing my education, I want to use my knowledge and skills to ensure proper child development, to bring productive changes in the lives of children, and to make children come out of educational stress. I want to be skilled in using educational and psychological assessment techniques to help children who face difficulties in learning and social adjustment. I believe that a country can progress only if its citizens get high quality education from the top universities of the world. I have collected facts about the universities, which offer Master in Education Psychology (Human Development) program and after analyzing all facts and issues, I have made up my mind to pursue the master degree from the University of Colorado because it provides highest quality education in all fields of study. I believe that the